Explain the following terms Population Statistics Constant Variable

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Explain the following terms Population Statistics Constant Variable

Explain the following terms Population Statistics Constant Variable Explain the following terms with examples:

Population

A population is a distinct group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a common characteristic. In statistics, a population is the pool of individuals from which a statistical sample is drawn for a study. Thus, any selection of individuals grouped together by a common feature can be said to be a population.

A sample is a statistically significant portion of a population, not an entire population. For this reason, a statistical analysis of a sample must report the approximate standard deviation, or standard error, of its results from the entire population. Only an analysis of an entire population would have no standard error.

Statistics

Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting empirical data. Statistics is highly interdisciplinary field research in statistics finds applicability in virtually all scientific fields and research questions in the various scientific fields motivate the development of new statistical methods and theory.

In developing methods and studying the theory that underlies the methods statisticians draw on a variety of mathematical and computational tools.

Two fundamental ideas in the field of statistics are uncertainty and variation. There are many situations that we encounter in science in which the outcome is uncertain.

In some cases, the uncertainty is because the outcome in question is not determined yet while in other cases the uncertainty is because although the outcome has been determined already we are not aware of it (e.g., we may not know whether we passed a particular exam).

Constant

In mathematics, the word constant can have multiple meanings. As an adjective, it refers to non-variance as a noun, it has two different meanings: A fixed and well-defined number or another non-changing mathematical object. The terms mathematical constant or physical constant are sometimes used to distinguish this meaning. A function whose value remains unchanged. Such a constant is commonly represented by a variable that does not depend on the main variable(s) in question.

Variable

In mathematics, a variable is a symbol and placeholder for (historically) a quantity that may change any mathematical object. In particular, a variable may represent a number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, or an element of a set.

Algebraic computations with variables as if they were explicit numbers solve a range of problems in a single computation. For example, the quadratic formula solves every quadratic equation by substituting the numeric values of the coefficients of the given equation for the variables that represent them. In mathematical logic, a variable is either a symbol representing an unspecified term of the theory (a meta-variable) or a basic object of the theory that is manipulated without referring to its possible intuitive interpretation.

Data

Although the terms “data” and “information” are often used interchangeably, this term has distinct meanings. In some popular publications, data are sometimes said to be transformed into information when they are viewed in context or in post-analysis. However, in academic treatments of the subject data are simply units of information. Data are used in scientific research, businesses management (e.g., sales data, revenue, profits, stock price), finance, governance (e.g., crime rates, unemployment rates, literacy rates), and in virtually every other form of human organizational activity (e.g., censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations).

Explain the types of measurement scales with examples.

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio are defined as the four fundamental levels of measurement scales that are used to capture data in the form of surveys and questionnaires, each being a multiple-choice question.

Each scale is an incremental level of measurement, meaning, each scale fulfills the function of the previous scale, and all survey question scales such as Likert, Semantic Differential, Dichotomous, etc, are the derivation of these 4 fundamental levels of variable measurement. Before we discuss all four levels of measurement scales in detail, with examples, let’s have a quick brief look at what these scales represent.

A nominal scale is a naming scale, where variables are simply “named” or labeled, with no specific order. The ordinal scale has all its variables in a specific order, beyond just naming them. The Interval scale offers labels, order, as well as, a specific interval between each of its variable options. The ratio scale bears all the characteristics of an interval scale, in addition to that, it can also accommodate the value of “zero” on any of its variables.

Nominal Scale: 1^st Level of Measurement

Nominal Scale, also called the categorical variable scale, is defined as a scale used for labeling variables into distinct classifications and doesn’t involve a quantitative value or order. This scale is the simplest of the four variable measurement scales. Calculations done on these variables will be futile as there is no numerical value of the options.

There are cases where this scale is used for the purpose of classification – the numbers associated with variables of this scale are only tags for categorization or division. Calculations done on these numbers will be futile as they have no quantitative significance.

Ordinal Scale: 2^nd Level of Measurement

Ordinal Scale is defined as a variable measurement scale used to simply depict the order of variables and not the difference between each of the variables.

These scales are generally used to depict non-mathematical ideas such as frequency, satisfaction, happiness, a degree of pain, etc. It is quite straightforward to remember the implementation of this scale as ‘Ordinal’ sounds similar to ‘Order’, which is exactly the purpose of this scale.

Ordinal Scale maintains descriptional qualities along with an intrinsic order but is void of an origin of scale and thus, the distance between variables can’t be calculated. Descriptional qualities indicate tagging properties similar to the nominal scale, in addition to which, the ordinal scale also has a relative position of variables. Origin of this scale is absent due to which there is no fixed start or “true zero”.

Interval Scale: 3^rd Level of Measurement

Interval Scale is defined as a numerical scale where the order of the variables is known as well as the difference between these variables. Variables that have familiar, constant, and computable differences are classified using the Interval scale. It is easy to remember the primary role of this scale too, ‘Interval’ indicates ‘distance between two entities, which is what the Interval scale helps in achieving.

These scales are effective as they open doors for the statistical analysis of provided data. Mean, median or mode can be used to calculate the central tendency in this scale. The only drawback of this scale is that there is no pre-decided starting point or a true zero value.

The Interval scale contains all the properties of the ordinal scale, in addition to which, it offers a calculation of the difference between variables. The main characteristic of this scale is the equidistant difference between objects.

Ratio Scale: 4^th Level of Measurement

Ratio Scale is defined as a variable measurement scale that not only produces the order of variables but also makes the difference between variables known along with information on the value of true zero.

It is calculated by assuming that the variables have an option for zero, the difference between the two variables is the same and there is a specific order between the options.

With the option of true zero, varied inferential, and descriptive analysis techniques can be applied to the variables. In addition to the fact that the ratio scale does everything that a nominal, ordinal, and interval scale can do, it can also establish the value of absolute zero. The best examples of ratio scales are weight and height.

In market research, a ratio scale is used to calculate market share, annual sales, the price of an upcoming product, the number of consumers, etc.

Explain the Statistics with different definitions

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection, description, analysis, and inference of conclusions from quantitative data. The mathematical theories behind statistics rely heavily on differential and integral calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory. Statisticians, people who do statistics, are particularly concerned with determining how to draw reliable conclusions about large groups and general events from the behavior and other observable characteristics of small samples. These small samples represent a portion of the large group or a limited number of instances of a general phenomenon.

The two major areas of statistics are known as descriptive statistics, which describes the properties of sample and population data, and inferential statistics, which uses those properties to test hypotheses and draw conclusions.

Some common statistical tools and procedures include the following:

Descriptive
Mean (average)
Variance
Skewness
Kurtosis
Inferential
Linear regression analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Logit/Probit models
Null hypothesis testing

Statistics is the study and manipulation of data, including ways to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
The two major areas of statistics are descriptive and inferential statistics.
Statistics can be used to make better-informed business and investing decisions.

Statistics are used in virtually all scientific disciplines such as the physical and social sciences, as well as in business, the humanities, government, and manufacturing. Statistics is fundamentally a branch of applied mathematics that developed from the application of mathematical tools including calculus and linear algebra to probability theory.

In practice, statistics is the idea we can learn about the properties of large sets of objects or events (a population) by studying the characteristics of a smaller number of similar objects or events (a sample). Because in many cases gathering comprehensive data about an entire population is too costly, difficult, or flat out impossible, statistics start with a sample that can conveniently or affordably be observed.

Two types of statistical methods are used in analyzing data: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Statisticians measure and gather data about the individuals or elements of a sample, then analyze this data to generate descriptive statistics. They can then use these observed characteristics of the sample data, which are properly called “statistics,” to make inferences or educated guesses about the unmeasured (or unmeasured) characteristics of the broader population, known as the parameters.

(b) What is the importance of Statistics?

The field of statistics is the science of learning from data. Statistical knowledge helps you use the proper methods to collect the data, employ the correct analyses, and effectively present the results. Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data, and make predictions. Statistics allows you to understand a subject much more deeply.

First, statisticians are guides for learning from data and navigating common problems that can lead you to incorrect conclusions. Second, given the growing importance of decisions and opinions based on data, it’s crucial that you can critically assess the quality of analyses that others present to you.

Personally, I think statistics is an exciting field about the thrill of discovery, learning, and challenging your assumptions. Statistics facilitates the creation of new knowledge. Bit by bit, we push back the frontier of what is known.

Statistics are not just numbers and facts. You know, things like 4 out of 5 dentists prefer a specific toothpaste. Instead, it’s an array of knowledge and procedures that allow you to learn from data reliably. Statistics allow you to evaluate claims based on quantitative evidence and help you differentiate between reasonable and dubious conclusions. That aspect is particularly vital these days because data are so plentiful along with interpretations presented by people with unknown motivations.

Statisticians offer critical guidance in producing trustworthy analyses and predictions. Along the way, statisticians can help investigators avoid a wide variety of analytical traps.

When analysts use statistical procedures correctly, they tend to produce accurate results. In fact, statistical analyses account for uncertainty and error in the results. Statisticians ensure that all aspects of a study follow the appropriate methods to produce trustworthy results. These methods include:

Producing reliable data.
Analyzing the data appropriately.
Drawing reasonable conclusions.

Statisticians Know How to Avoid Common Pitfalls

Using statistical analyses to produce findings for a study is the culmination of a long process. This process includes constructing the study design, selecting and measuring the variables, devising the sampling technique and sample size, cleaning the data, and determining the analysis methodology among numerous other issues. The overall quality of the results depends on the entire chain of events. A single weak link might produce unreliable results. The following list provides a small taste of potential problems and analytical errors that can affect a study.

Biased samples:

An incorrectly drawn sample can bias the conclusions from the start. For example, if a study uses human subjects, the subjects might be different than non-subjects in a way that affects the results. See Populations, Parameters, and Samples in Inferential Statistics.

Overgeneralization:

Findings from one population might not apply to another population. Unfortunately, it’s not necessarily clear what differentiates one population from another. Statistical inferences are always limited, and you must understand the limitations.

Causality:

How do you determine when X causes a change in Y? Statisticians need tight standards to assume causality whereas others accept causal relationships more easily. When A precedes B, and A is correlated with B, many mistakenly believe it is a causal connection! However, you’ll need to use an experimental design that includes random assignment to assume confidently that the results represent causality. Learn how to determine whether you’re observing causation or correlation!

Incorrect analysis:

Are you analyzing a multivariate study area with only one variable? Or, using an inadequate set of variables? Perhaps you’re assessing the mean when the median might be better? Or, did you fit a linear relationship to data that are nonlinear? You can use a wide range of analytical tools, but not all of them are correct for a specific situation.

Violating the assumptions for an analysis:

Most statistical analyses have assumptions. These assumptions often involve properties of the sample, variables, data, and the model. Adding to the complexity, you can waive some assumptions under specific conditions—sometimes thanks to the central limit theorem. When you violate an important assumption, you risk producing misleading results.

Data mining:

Even when analysts do everything else correctly, they can produce falsely significant results by investigating a dataset for too long. When analysts conduct many tests, some will be statistically significant due to chance patterns in the data. Fastidious statisticians track the number of tests performed during a study and place the results in the proper context.

Highlight the factors that became the reason for the unsuccessful end of the Khilafat Movement

Highlight the factors that became the reason for the unsuccessful end of the Khilafat Movement? Justify your answer with five relevant points.

The non-violence, non-cooperative movement turned into violence. After the Chaura chauri incident in February 1922, Gandhi himself called the non-corporation movement which causes a severe blow to the Khilafat movement.
Gandhi and other Muslim’s leaders of the movement were arrested in 1922 with the arrested leader the movement lost its momentum
Although the Khilafat movement was the first movement in which Hindus and Muslims worked together, their unity was probably always doomed to failure. The Hindu aim for self-rule was not really in the objective of the Muslims and Hindus were prepared to support the Muslims in protecting their religious right only as long as it helped move India towards self-rule.
Hijrat movement at the critical stage was another blow for Muslims. Hijrat to Afghanistan where the Muslims were shocked by the lack of support from the Afghan government.
The chauri Chaura in which a lot of policemen were burnt to death, frightened Gandhi who immediately called off the non-corporation Campaign.
The Turks themselves abolished the caliphate as they too wanted Turkey to be a nation instead of an empire. Kamal Attaturk took control of Turkey and abolished the system of the caliphate.
On the 3^rd March 1924, the final and deadly blow was struck at the Khilafat movement by Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk Pasha who exiled Khalifa, Muhammad 6, and abolished the nationalist government of turkey.

How Allama Iqbal re-energized Indian Muslims to get a separate state

How did Allama Iqbal re-energize Indian Muslims to get a separate state in his Allahabad Address in 1930? Justify your answer with five relevant points.

Solution

Introduction/Background/Context/:

In 1930 Iqbal delivered the Presidential Address the Allahabad Address before the address Iqbal also delivered landmark lectures on Islam in 1928 and 1929 in Aligarh, Hyderabad, and Midas. Because Iqbal’s eye-plot was based on Islam and introversion with the model condition and modern situation helps him to generate the Allahabad Address. In 1932, Iqbal also presided over the All India Conference that was held at Lahore, and during that conference, he repeated some of the ideas and some of the thoughts which he had presented in his Address.

Raised his voice for self-government:

In his address, Iqbal called for the creation of “a Muslim India within India’’, especially in North-eastern India. Iqbal demanded the right of self-government for the Muslims.

He said; India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions personally, I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier, Province, Sindh, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of Muslims, at least of North-West India.

Energized the Muslim by showing his fear about Islam:

Within his address, Allama Iqbal also touched on his fear that Islam may have a similar fate as Christianity. “To Islam, the matter is spirit realizing itself in space and time” whereas Europeans had accepted the separation of Church and state and disliked the fact that their leaders were “indirectly forcing the world to accept it is unquestionable dogma do not know what will be the final fate of the national idea in the world of Islam. Whether Islam will assimilate and transform it as it has before assimilated and transformed many ideas as expressive of a different spirit, or allow a radical transformation of its own structure by the force of this idea is hard to predict.

Energized the Muslim by speaking about mutual harmony:

The unity of an Indian nation, therefore, must be sought not in use negation, but in the mutual harmony and cooperation, of the many. True statesmanship cannot ignore facts, however, unpleasant can maybe end it is on the discovery of Indian unity in the direction that the fate of India as well as of Asia really depends if an effective principle of the corporation is discover in India it will bring peace and mutual goodwill to the accident which has suffered so long and it will as the same time solve the entire political problem of Asia.

Energized the Muslim by talking about the army:

In regard to the army, Iqbal stated: Punjab with 56 percent Muslim population supplies 54 percent of the total combatant troops to the Indians army, and if the 19000 Gurkhas recruited from the independent state of Nepal are excluded, Punjab contingents amount to 62 percent of the whole Indian army. This percentage does not take into account nearly 6000 combatants supplied to the Indian Army by the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. From this, you can easily calculate the possibilities of North-West Indian Muslims in regard to the defense of India again foreign aggression. Thus full opportunity of development within the body politic of India, the North-West Indian Muslims will prove the best defenders of India against a foreign invasion.

Comparing the European democracy to Indian democracy, he justified the Muslim demand for a “Muslim India within India”

The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India is, therefore, perfectly justified.

The resolution of All parties Muslim Conference at Delhi is, to my mind, wholly inspired by this noble ideal of a harmonious whole which instead of stifling the respective individualities of its components whole, affords them chances of fully working out the possibilities that may be latent in them. And I have no doubt that this house will emphatically endorse the Muslim demands embodied in this resolution.

Points that will prove beneficial for Muslims after 1930:

Iqbal’s address was known to have a forceful and logical presentation of the Muslim cases in India. His address arises the awareness of why should Muslim be treated as a political entity rather than a minority.

His address highlights the following views that would prove highly beneficial in the future.

The territorial adjustment will able the Muslims to develop themselves in accordance with their ideas and serve the causes of Ummah.
Redistribution of territory developed later on the concept of a Muslim homeland.
He further expressed these ideas in a letter to Jinnah from May 1936 to November 1937.
He talked of a separate federation of Muslim provinces. North-Western India and Bengal can be considered as entitled to self-determination like other nations in India and outside. Shariah’s is impossible without a free Muslim state.
He advised the Muslims to be above self-interest and devote themselves to Islam.
In difficult times Islam has saved the Muslims.
Faith, culture, and historical traditions are more important than patriotism.

Kashmiri Chay Recipe In Urdu

Kashmiri tea
Ingredients:
Kashmiri tea two teaspoons
Baking soda – half a teaspoon
Green cardamom chopped five pieces
Two glasses of water
Fresh milk two glasses
Salt or sugar as needed
Pistachios, chopped almonds to taste
Method:

Put water in a steel teapot and bring to a boil. Add Kashmiri tea and also green cardamom.
Let it cook on low heat. After ten minutes, add a cup of cold water and pour this coffee with the help of a big spoon and keep stirring the spoon so that a nice pink color of tea comes out.
Then mix in the baking soda and sugar or salt you like.
Finally, mix the milk and turn off the stove.
Strain the Kashmiri tea through a sieve and take it out beautifully in a cup.
Add finely chopped pistachios and almonds to the tea before serving.
Great Kashmiri tea is also known as Punk Tea is ready.

کشمیری چائے
اجزاء:
کشمیری چائے ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔دو چائے کے چمچ
بیکنگ سوڈا۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔آدھ چائے کا چمچ
سبز الائچی کُٹی ہوئی۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔پانچ عدد
پانی۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔دو گلاس
تازہ دودھ ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔دو گلاس
نمک یا چینی ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔حسب ضرورت
پستہ، بادام کٹے ہوئے ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔حسب ذائقہ
ترکیب

اسٹیل کی چائے دانی میں پانی ڈال کر اُبال لیں، کشمیری چائے اور ساتھ ہی سبز الائچی بھی ڈال دیں ۔
ہلکی آنچ پر پکنے دیں دس منٹ کے بعد ایک کپ ٹھنڈا اپانی اور ڈال دیں اور اس قہوے کو کسی بڑے چمچے کی مدد سے خوب پھینٹیں اورچمچ چلاتے رہیں تاکہ چائے کا اچھا سا گلابی رنگ نکل آئے ۔
اس کے بعد بیکنگ سوڈا مکس کریں اور چینی یا نمک بھی مکس کرلیں جو آپ کو پسند ہو وہ۔
سب سے آخر میں دودھ مکس کریں اور چولہا بند کردیں ۔
کشمیری چائے کو چھنی سے چھان کرخوبصورت سے کپ میں نکال لیں ۔
سرو کرنے سے پہلے چائے پر باریک کٹے ہوئے پستے ، بادام ڈال دیں ۔
زبردست سی کشمیری چائے جس کو پنک ٹی بھی کہتے ہیں تیار ہے ۔

What is a virus antivirus multimedia assembler compiler linker and interpreter

What is a virus antivirus multimedia assembler compiler linker and interpreter?

Question:

What is a virus?

Describe antivirus software and enlist five important antivirus software.

Answer:

What is a virus antivirus multimedia assembler compiler linker and interpreter?

Virus:

A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded into a user’s computer without the knowledge of the user. It can itself destroy everything in the computer and the computer becomes infected. It can delete important data from the computer. Viruses are of different types such as malware, Trojan horses, etc.

Antivirus software:

Antivirus software is a set of instructions that are designed to prevent computers from viruses. It can search detect viruses and other malicious software to prevent computer programs and data loss. Different antivirus software is as follows:

Avast:

Avast is a free antivirus solution that offers reliable protection and fulfills all user’s requirements. You can get complete protection by scanning your PC.

Malware bytes:

It is the latest type of malware it can detect those things which cannot be detected by other top software. You can easily clean up your computer with real-time protection by scanning.

AVG:

It is similar to Avast. They almost perform the same operations. It will protect you from great malware threats and you will get e-mail and link protection.

Norton:

It is a renowned brand and has been protecting millions of users from the latest threats. This software is not free. It requires charges for use.

Bite defender:

It is one of the best antivirus software that provides both free and paid solutions to users. If you just need to protect your computer from malware then it provides good protection

Question:

Identify basic elements of the communication system. Also explain assembler, compiler, linker, and interpreter.

Answer:

Communication means sending information from one place to another place. A collection of elements works together to establish communication between sender and receiver. It has the following basic elements:

Information source:

It establishes a communication bridge between sender and receiver. The information can be a message, audio, video images, etc.

Input:

Input is the major element. When there is communication then you have to speak, it acts as an input. If your friend is close to you then you can communicate by a sound signal. If the same friend is far from you then you cannot communicate by sound signals because sound signals do not travel longer.

Transmmitor:

It transmits signals from place to place.

Assembler:

Assembler is used to decode the assembly. Assembly language is a low-level language.

Compiler:

Compiles the whole document and detects errors.

Interpreter:

The interpreter detects errors in the document by line to line and corrects the errors.

Question:

What is multimedia?

Write examples of multimedia in education and entertainment.

Answer:

Multimedia is the use of computers to present and combine text, graphics audio, and video with links and tools that let the user interact communicate, navigate and create.

Examples :

slideshow or presentation
Prezi
diagrams
infographics
podcast
screen capture
talking head
animation
glass screen

Question:

What are point and draw devices explain?

Answer:

Point and draw devices are input devices that allow a user to input spatial data into the computer and allow the user to control or provide data by physical gestures by moving a handheld mouse. movements of devices are enhanced on the screen by the movement of the pointer.

Mouse:

The mouse is the most commonly used input device.it has two buttons that can control the movement of the pointer on the screen. Most of the movements are done by a left click on the mouse. It has a left or right click.

Trackball:

It is also a pointing device. It has a large ball on its top. The movement of the cursor is controlled by moving the ball to the thumb. It is static and uses less space than a mouse.

Creating Saving Editing And Deleting An MS Word Document

Question:

Creating Saving Editing And Deleting An MS Word Document Write Down The Process For Creating, Saving, Editing, And Deleting An MS Word Document?

Answer:

MS Word is a platform where we can create any type of documents like assignments, curriculum vitae, applications letters, and more. We can easily create, edit, save, delete a document.

Different processes are as follows:

Create a document:

An open word from the start menu, if it is already open, select File> New.
In the search bar, we can search by typing Word then the result will display.
Click a template to see a preview.
Select create.

Save a document:

Click File>Save, pick a folder in which you want to save the document, write the name of the document and click the save button
Also, press Ctrl+S to save the document.

Edit a document:

Click Edit>Document in WORD for making changes

Also make changes by switching to Editing View, where you can update, create or delete the document.

Delete a document:

Locate the file which you want to delete
Right-click on it, a pop-up menu appears
Select the delete option from the menu
Click ok

Creating a new blank document.
When you’re preparing a simple document—like a two-page essay, a note for the babysitter, or a press release—a plain, unadorned page is fine. Or, when you’re just brainstorming and you’re not sure what you want the final document to look like, you probably want to start with a blank slate or use one of Word’s templates to provide structure for your text.

Creating a document from an existing document.
For letters, resumes, and other documents that require more formatting, why reinvent the wheel? You can save time by using an existing document as a starting point. When you have a letter format that you like, you can use it over and over by editing the contents.

Creating a document from a template.
Use a template when you need a professional design for a complex document, like a newsletter, a contract, or meeting minutes. Templates are a lot like forms—the margins, formatting, and graphics are already in place. All you do is fill in your text.

The Important Parameters That Influence The Selection Of Programming Language

Question:

What Are The Important Parameters That Influence The Selection Of Programming Language?

Answer:

Programming languages:

A computer cannot work without a language it also needs a certain language to perform operations. The computer cannot perform operations without any language. The instructions are formulated according to pre-defined format and that format is based on the syntax and semantics of programming languages.

Programming language is used to write instructions on a computer. Computer language is known as a programming language. A programmer must have to learn the programming language for running different programs. There are different types of programming language such as low-level language and high-level language.

Low-level language:

Low-level language is the language of machines. This language is near to machines and far from humans. Such as assembly language.

High-level language:

A high-level language is the language of humans. It is English-like sentences and far from machines just like C++, JAVA, etc.

Factors influencing programming language:

These factors are as follows:

Cost:

Cost is a major factor that greatly influences the maintenance and development of software. For developing software all its needs must be taken into account.

Organization policy:

Large organizations have policies that specify which hardware and software are used. Organizations make standards and environment systems.

Availability:

For a programming language to have good availability, it should have correct tools and features that can speed and simplify production.

Reliability:

Some features are built into a programming language that can prevent it from crashing. Programming languages must be reliable.

Suitability:

To make sure that the programming language is suitable, it must be working on all platforms or not.

Expandability:

Some languages are better at handling large amounts of users without crashing others.

How to make a chart graph in MS Excel

Question:

How to make a chart graph in MS Excel?

Also, write the names of different types of graphs available in MS Excel.

Answer:

MS Excel is a type of software that consists of different spreadsheets that are used to display and manipulate data in tabular form. It consists of rows and columns. It accepts data in rows and columns and performs different operations and calculations.

Features:

Rows and columns:

A spreadsheet table consists of many rows and columns. Rows and columns are labeled.

Cells:

The cell is a combination of rows and columns. Data is entered in the cells and then operations are performed. It is uniquely identified by row and column designators like A2, C5, etc.

Formulas:

It is the relationship between the values of cells. It is used to perform mathematical operations such as D5=E1+B3 etc.

Functions:

Functions are pre-build formulas for certain problems which have been already stored. They are shortcuts for mathematical operations such as COUNT, MAX, SUM, MIN, etc.

Charts/Graphs:

Different charts and graphs provided by MS Excel are as follows:

Bar chart
Component bar chart
Histogram
Pie chart
Dot and plot chart
Ogive
Hysterogram
Multiple bar chart

Various Types Of Components Of Data Communication System And Its Functionality

Question:

Figure Out The Various Types Of Components Of Data Communication System And Its Functionality.

Answer:

Data communication:

Data communication is the transfer of electronic data between two devices through any communication media. For communication, there must be different devices. These devices are connected with some media like physical cable wires or radio waves. This communication has three fundamental principles just like:

Delivery:

The sender sends the data and data is delivered incorrect destination or receiver.

Accuracy:

It provides accuracy. The data that has to be sent must be accurate. In complete data is unusable.

Timeline:

Data must be delivered on time. Late delivery is not effective

Components of data communication:

Message:

The message is the data that has to be sent. Message can be of different forms such as text messages, audio, video, images, etc.

Sender:

The sender can be any device that is responsible for sending data. It is responsible for sending data accurately and on the time. It sends data according to the need of the receiver.

Receiver:

The receiver receives the data that is sent by the sender. The receiver can also be a computer or any other device.

Medium:

Medium is the path through which the data is sent. Within an office, the medium may be a physical wire. When data is transferred to different locations then they can be connected through radio waves.

Protocol:

Protocols are the rules that must be followed to send or receive data. Without protocol data is useless.

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Explain the following terms Population Statistics Constant Variable