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Information and Communication Technologies

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Information and Communication Technologies

Define Information & Communication Technologies. Also write down at-least ten practical applications of ICT in the fields of education, sports, media, and entertainment.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is the technology that is used to handle communications processes such as telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions.

Although ICT is often considered an extended synonym for information technology (IT), its scope is, in some ways, broader. ICT is often used to describe the convergence of several technologies, and the use of common transmission lines carrying very diverse data and communication types and formats.

Techopedia Explains Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

In a very simplified sense, ICT is used to talk about all of the technologies that facilitate communications.

With that in mind, the term ICT has had several differing definitions applied to it. It’s generally associated with consolidating and managing telecom infrastructure and converging technologies that have common transmission lines.

In some cases, ICT is also associated with delivering telecommunication services to underserved areas or promoting more vibrant telecommunications and IT networks and services to facilitate career development.

To look at how this works, let’s consider a given carrier that might offer a modern hybrid cloud model based on various principles or philosophies such as connectivity, security, and unified channels. This type of integration of telecom and wireless services would sit in the category of ICT.

In a more traditional example, converging technologies that exemplify ICT might include the merging of audiovisual, telephone, and computer networks through a common cabling system. Internet service providers (ISPs) commonly provide internet, phone, and television services to homes and businesses through a single optical cable, so that is considered an example of ICT implementation.

ICT and Unified Communications

A discussion of ICT should also include a discussion of the term “unified communications.”

Unified communications basically refer to the broader delivery of diverse services through multiple device or platform types. Instead of the “bundling” that so often characterizes ICT, UC may rely on a much different paradigm.

In some cases, experts suggest that where ICT, refers to the convergence of technologies on common transmission lines, Unified Communications has more to do with a single private network platform that consolidates telecom and communication services.

In general, unified communication is a goal and a concept that’s being applied to enterprise IT. Where unified communication is an objective, ICT will often have relevance.

ICT and VoIP

A discussion of ICT might also not be complete without a discussion of utilizing VoIP to innovate telecom.

Voice over IP is replacing traditional wired telecom for voice. Increasingly, users are able to utilize desktop phones or other endpoints to get on a voice call through the Internet, instead of over traditional landlines or even more modern cellular telephony channels.

Here, ICT may be instructive. These types of ICT networks may involve unifying messaging and social structures as well.

As an additional example, some ICT structures may have other infrastructure goals, such as reducing costs of communication transmission and channel unification. All of it can live under the banner of ICT, as we move forward with innovations such as UC, virtualization, AI, and the Internet of Things, which begs for more evolved networking systems. ICT will represent that category that addresses modern communications in every new era.

ICT in Education

  • Blogs and social networks
  • Planning through tools
  • Data storage in the cloud:
  • Digital whiteboards and interactive tables
  • Students interest in learning grows
  • Interactivity
  • Collaboration between students
  • Students enhance creativity
  • Increased communication
  • Personalization and content up-to-date

ICT in Sports

  • Storing statistical data
  • Watching and storing video
  • Sports media
  • Developing equipment
  • Training and health
  • Sports video games
  • Eliminating human error
  • Scouting
  • Live coverage
  • Accuracy in decision

ICT in Media

  • Because of ICT all the online media tools like the internet, websites, blogs exist. Because of ICT communication becomes fast and we get live updates: of sports and news. With the help of ICT, mass communication is becoming affordable.
  • ICT made diversification possible in the field of media.
  • ICT increases free communication access.
  • Because of IICT media information can be achieved anytime. Because of ICT, media communication becomes more precise.” ICT improves the chance of reaching more people. ICT introduces new techniques thus improving the resources of media. ICT helps during any kind of media training.

ICT in Entertainment

  • Music
  • Television and Movies
  • Art
  • Games
  • Sound
  • Show control
  • Automation
  • Animatronics
  • Computer simulation and virtual reality
  • Augmented reality and interactive environments

Discuss which is more important reliability or validity for a test?

Discuss which is more important reliability or validity for a test?

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Discuss which is more important reliability or validity for a test?

QUESTION:

Discuss which is more important reliability or validity for a test?

Give critical reflections on the measurement of construct and concurrent validity of a test at the elementary level. Also, Develop a table of specifications for the science test at 8th grade.

ANSWER:

Reliability:

Reliability refers to how consistently a way measures something. If an equivalent result is often consistently achieved by using an equivalent method under an equivalent circumstance, the measurement is taken into account reliable.

Validity:

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

which is more important reliability or validity for a test?

Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it’s even more important. to get useful results, the methods you employ to gather your data must be valid: the research must be measuring what it claims to live. This ensures that your discussion of the info and therefore the conclusions you draw also are valid.

Reliability Is more Important

It is common among instructors to ask sorts of assessment, whether a specific response test or a constructed response test that needs rubric scoring as being reliable and valid. Technically, it’s not the test itself but rather the resulting test score or rubric score that has got to have a high degree of reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the degree to which scores from a specific test are consistent from one use of the test to subsequent. Validity refers to the degree to which a test score is often interpreted and used for its intended purpose. Reliability may be a vital piece of validity evidence. So, reliability is more important for tests. Having good test re-test reliability signifies the interior validity of a test and ensures that the measurements obtained in one sitting are both representative and stable over time.

Construct validity

Construct validity evaluates whether a measurement tool really represents the thing we have an interest in measuring. It’s central to establishing the general validity of away.

Construct validity is about ensuring that the tactic of measurement matches the construct you would like to live. If you develop a questionnaire to diagnose depression, you would like to know: does the questionnaire really measure the construct of depression? Or is it actually measuring the respondent’s mood, self-esteem, or another construct?

To achieve construct validity, you’ve got to make sure that your indicators and measurements are carefully developed to support relevant existing knowledge. The questionnaire must include only relevant questions that measure known indicators of depression.

Concurrent validity

Concurrent validity may be a sort of Criterion Validity. If you create some sort of test, you would like to form sure it’s valid: that it measures what it’s alleged to measure. Criterion validity is a method of doing that. Concurrent validity measures how well a replacement test compares to a well-established test. It also can ask the practice of concurrently testing two groups at an equivalent time, or asking two different groups of individuals to require an equivalent test.

Concurrent validity relies upon tests that happened at an equivalent time. Ideally, this suggests testing the themes at precisely the same moment, but some approximation is suitable.

For example, testing a gaggle of scholars for intelligence, with an intelligence test, then performing the new IQ test a few days later would be perfectly acceptable. If the test takes place a substantial amount of your time after the initial test, then it’s considered predictive validity. Both concurrent and predictive validity are subdivisions of criterion validity and therefore the timescale is the only real difference.

Table of specification for the science test 8th grade Students

(Table on next page)

Topic Content

Standards

 No of hours No items Level of Performance Percentage
Knowledge Process Underst anding
Forces and Motion Demon Start Lesson 10 13 03 04 06 21.67%
Work and

Energy

 Demon Start

Lesson

 05 06 01 02 03 10.00%
Heat and Temperature Demon Start Lesson 06 08 02 03 03 13.33%
Electricity Demon Start

Lesson

 08 11 03 04 04 18.33%
Sound s Demon Start Lesson 08 11 02 04 OS 1 8.33%
Color s of

light

 Demon Start

lesson

 08 11 02 04 OS 1 8.33%
    45 60 13 21 26 100.00%

Knowledge=60 / 70 x 15 = 13

Pr oc ess /Skills= 60 I 70 x 25 = 21

Understanding= 60 / 70 x 30 = 26

Differentiate objectives and learning outcomes only with the help of ten examples of each

Differentiate objectives and learning outcomes only with the help of ten examples of each

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Differentiate objectives and learning outcomes only with the help of ten examples of each

QUESTION:

Differentiate objectives and learning outcomes only with the help of ten examples of each. Discuss strategies you adopt to plan an annual exam of your 9th class of Mathematics.

ANSWER:

Objective:

Differentiate objectives and learning outcomes only with the help of ten examples of each Statement that outline the expected goal of academic activity Learning objectives are often wont to structure the content of the academic activity. Objectives may include tasks like “list”, “discuss” or “state.”

Outcome:

 A written statement that reflects what the learner is going to be ready to do as a result of participating within the education, the result addresses the tutorial needs that contribute to the professional practice gap, and achieving the training outcome leads to narrowing or closing that gap. The learning outcome can assess the general impact of multiple objectives.

Difference between Learning Outcomes and Objectives

Learning outcomes and objectives are often used synonymously, although they are not the same. In simple words, objectives are concerned with teaching and the teacher’s intentions whereas learning outcomes are concerned with students learning.

However, objectives and learning outcomes are usually written in the same terms.

Activity: An onboarding class for brand spanking new hires

Learning objective:

After taking this class, new hires will understand company policies and know during which situations to use them.

Learning outcome:

 Learners are ready to identify situations during which company policies apply and describe the right actions to require in response to them. This type of learning outcome deals with the knowledge or intellectual skills. The learner understands the new concept that they’re being taught.

Activity: A seminar designed to assist HR officers to improve mediation

Learning objective:

This seminar will teach learners the way to effectively mediate disputes using basic conflict dynamics and negotiation.

Learning outcome:

Learners understand and be ready to apply basic conflict resolution practices within the workplace. This type of learning outcome measures performance, learners are ready to use what they learned during a real-world situation.

Activity: a web training session for brand spanking new product management software

Learning objective:

The session will cover the three main areas of the software.

Learning outcome: Learners are ready to operate software and explain the functions that they’re using. This type of learning outcome deals competently or skill. The learner can demonstrate their understanding of the new concept.

Activity: A computer game training session on the way to replace machine components

Learning objective:

The session will demonstrate the steps to get rid of and replace components.

Learning outcome:

Learners can correctly remove and replace components of every machine, explaining what they’re doing and why. This learning outcome deals with motor skills. Learners can physically demonstrate the result of their learning.

Activity: A lecture on organization strategies

Learning objective:

The lecture will illustrate how proper organization can help managers optimize workflow within their teams.

Learning outcome:

Learners can demonstrate how they’re going to use organization strategies with actionable steps. This outcome deals with verbal information. Learners can verbalize the knowledge they need gained and synthesize solutions for their workflow.

You can see that, although learning objectives and learning outcomes are related, they’re different, and address different aspects of the training process.

Learning outcomes examples:

The following examples are well-written learning outcomes:

  • learners are going to be ready to identify which scenarios to use each of the five sorts of conflict management.
  • learners are going to be ready to use the company’s LMS to effectively engage with and complete all training materials.
  • learners will understand the way to interpret marketing data and use it to make graphs.
  • learners will understand the way to employ company-prescribed SEO practices while writing copy.
  • learners can properly use company guidelines to make case studies.
  • learners are going to be ready to properly operate and clean the autoclaves.

The following examples are poorly written learning outcomes:

  • learners will understand conflict management.
  • learners will skilled to use the company’s LMS.
  • learners will appreciate the way to use marketing data.
  • learners will realize the company’s SEO practices.
  • learners will understand what goes into a case study.
  • learners will study autoclaves.

Strategies for annual Exam

While we frequently consider exams as how to check students’ comprehension of fabric, exams can serve quite one purpose. Being conscious of why we are testing students and what exactly we would like to check can help make students’ and instructors’ experience of exams more useful. the subsequent tips will gear towards issues should believe during the whole exam process, from getting to reflection.

Before start preparing for an exam

Why are you giving an exam to your students to gauge and grade students?

To motivate students to review

To add variety to student learning.

What do want to assess?

What wants to assess should be associated with your learning outcomes for the course.

Knowledge or how it’s used

Process or product

The communication of ideas

 Convergent thinking or out-of-the-box thinking. Absolute or relative standards

How do decide what to check and the way to check it?

The overall exam should be according to your learning outcomes for the course. There is a variety of ways to review and prioritize the talents and ideas taught during a course. So

  1. Use the topics list provided in the course outline
  2. Skim through lecture notes to seek out key concepts and methods
  3. Review chapter headings and subheadings within the assigned readings
  4. Map your testing schedule.

Use a calendar or planner and stick with it. you recognize when your exams happen, so write down the dates to stay on target. Mapping out your schedule also will help prioritize your studying. Devote enough time to the classes and subjects which will pose more of a challenge for you.

  1. Utilize your creativity.

Reviewing your notes is critical to studying for finals, but rather than rote/mechanical memorization, incorporate a touch of creativity into your approach. Doing so can assist you to retain more information and make the training process more enjoyable. counting on the sort of learner you’re, different techniques can yield different results. We’re all conversant in the facility of flashcards, but adding pictures to them pays off well for visual learners. If you learn well by doing, get cracking as you study. Pace around your study space as you re-evaluate your notes or try acting out your notes using gestures or sounds. you’ll also record your notes in an enticing manner and hear them, both of which can help your memorization process.

  1. Study during a group.

Group study comes with a variety of advantages. you’ll hold each other accountable; you’ll compare notes with one another and share different insights into the fabric, you’ll even quiz one another to assist with short-term memory recall. Use these study sessions productively to reap the utmost rewards.

  1. Pace yourself.

Studying in 30 to 45-minute intervals with a 5-minute break in between can keep you alert throughout your progress. Use a timer to stay track of things and avoid taking too long of an opportunity. During your breaks, rise up and relax your body or have a fast snack to fuel your brain. stand back from activities that will distract you from your purpose; remember, you would like to take care of your concentration. Taking breaks also will lessen the probability of you zoning out or falling asleep.

  1. Optimize your study space.

To make the foremost of some time eliminate any potential distractions. Find a well-lit place where you’ll not be interrupted. Mute or close up any electronics that aren’t helping you fulfill your goals, and if you would like to concentrate on music, music is perhaps best.

  1. Avoid cramming or pulling all-nighters.

Avoid cramming just like the plague. While some may point to the short-term benefits of cramming, it’s not a perfect method of studying. It not only makes the knowledge harder to retain over time but also tends to feature unnecessary stress which will be mitigated through proper planning. Staying up all night to review also can cause clouded thinking for a subsequent day or two, and there’s nothing worse than taking a test while you’re tired or amped abreast of caffeine. Plan ahead and obtain some rest to perform at your best.

By following these techniques, you will be ready to enter the summer without regrets. You’ll also have good habits for the longer term, so implement these strategies today and finish the tutorial year on a positive note.

Criticize the different types of selection and supply categories

Criticize the different types of selection and supply categories

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Criticize the different types of selection and supply categories

QUESTION:

Criticize the different types of selection and supply categories. In your opinion which type is more appropriate for measuring the problem-solving ability of elementary students?

ANSWER:

Different types of selection and provide category and therefore the application of a selected type will depend upon things and demand

EXPLANATION:

The question doesn’t specify what quite scenario you would like to use the choice on. So let me offer you a general idea of supply and selection.

Take for example the scenario of recruitment for an employment position. The selection will depend upon the minimum skills required for the work. supported the need, the availability pool is going to be studied and categorized. The talent pool is then analyzed to urge the simplest match for the position.

In case the simplest match isn’t available among the chosen pool, the recruiters would consider relaxing some requirements so as to widen the pool. As demand increases, the availability will shrink and cause more relaxation.

Appropriate type for measuring the problem-solving ability:

Let’s start with the advantages of selection response assessments. As just stated, these are assessments during which students select a response from provided alternatives. Very familiar to most folks, multiple-choice, matching, and true or false questions are all samples of selection response assessments.

They’re made from concrete questions with specific answers. They’re cut and dry. For this reason, selection response assessments are often mentioned as objective tests or tests that permit an unbiased set scoring system. One answer is true, all others are wrong.

Although selection response assessments have come under increased scrutiny within the past few years, they are doing offer some benefits. First, and as already mentioned, they’re objectively scored. They leave no room for teacher bias or preference. regardless of what proportion you wish little Suzie, you cannot give her credit for filling within the France bubble when asked who America fought within the Revolutionary War. Conversely, you cannot give the trouble-making Johnny an enormous red X when he answers Great Britain. Answers are either right or wrong, and scores reflect this reality.

Second, selection response assessments leave the timely assessments of huge populations and material. As mentioned in my opening statement, watching student presentations is great once you have a couple of scholars, but doing it once you have 50 or more is quite a time prohibitive. On the opposite hand, response assessments aren’t. They will be distributed, taken, and graded post-haste. mention efficient!

Adding to their practicality, selection response assessments can cover large amounts of fabric. For this reason, many educators use response assessments when seeking a summative assessment. Summative assessment is meant to gauge learning at the top of a definite instructional time frame. As an example, a unit multiple choice test on the Greek Empire could include questions starting from politics to philosophy. It could quiz on Greek rulers to Greek playwrights.

Lastly, for today’s selection response list, they will be wont to ensure foundation material has been mastered. As an example, before a chemistry teacher begins dolling out test tubes and chemicals, he must confirm his students know the symbols of the weather. After all, confusing something like hydride with common salt might be rather disastrous. In such a case, an identical test on the table just might prudently fit the bill.

7 Social Media Content Ideas That will Attract Likes Organic Reach and Engagement

7 Social Media Content Ideas That will Attract Likes Organic Reach and Engagement

Social Media Trends in 2022
Social Media Trends in 2022

7 Social Media Content Ideas That will Attract Likes Organic Reach and Engagement

Struggling to get likes?

Video: Free Tools You Can Use To Generate Traffic, Through Social Media
Strategy 1: Breaking Down Technical Topics Into Image Carousels.
Strategy 2: How To-Video Tutorials Can Get Tons Of Engagement
Strategy 3: “This or That” Polls
Strategy 4: Team Up With Other Content Creators
Strategy 5: Go Live On Your Social Media
Strategy 6:Curated List ( List Of Tools, Resources, Etc )
Strategy 7: Infographic & Data Visualization Carousels.

7 Social Media Content Ideas That will Attract Likes Organic Reach and Engagement Well, you’re not alone. Luckily for you, there’s a solution for that. Actually seven solutions, I’m going to break down seven social media content ideas that will attract likes, organic reach, and engagement.

I could give you many reasons why, but it’ll help me out and I’ll love you to death for it. If you’re looking to generate traffic through social media, I have another video that talks about free tools that can help you achieve it. So if you’re on YouTube, you’ll see the link, check it out. If you’re not on YouTube, go there. But before you watch the video, subscribe to my channel. So today we’re going to be focusing on likes, reach, and overall engagement.

Strategy 1: Breaking Down Technical Topics Into Image Carousels.

The first strategy I have for you is to break down technical topics into image carousels. This is one of the content types that gets the most engagement. Maybe not the most likes, but people keep swiping and you’ll get tons of views, at least on Instagram and LinkedIn. You don’t need graphic design skills to do it at all. That’s the best part. A cool tool for you to use, and it’s free, is Canva. They have tons of templates that can just help you do this. And I teach a lot about SEO and you already know SEO is complex to do all that research and figure it out. So if I want to post about SEO on Instagram or LinkedIn, then I try to keep things simple. And what I do is break them all down in swipeable carousel elements. And each slide of my carousel is small with a little bit of information that way it’s easy to digest. It’s straight to the point. And I don’t get too much into the weeds. That way people can consume the content, understand it and they’ll like it, they’ll share it, they’ll tell other people about it. It’s an amazing strategy and you should go and do this. Works especially well on Instagram and LinkedIn.

Strategy 2: How To-Video Tutorials Can Get Tons Of Engagement

The second tactic is how-to video tutorials. Just like with image carousels, start how to do video tutorials. They’ll get a ton of engagement. It doesn’t need to be professionally filmed, just bust out your phone like I’m going to do right now. And boom, I’ll pop it up, shoot myself. Be like, ah, this is how you do this. That’s all you really need to do. And if you make it short and to the point and you make it super impactful where everyone’s like, oh wow, that’s step one. Oh wow, that’s step two. And you start breaking each of them down in instructions that people can easily follow, you’ll do well. If it’s a how-to video like once, I tried to learn how to install a toilet and it wasn’t that instructional, it won’t do well. If it is instructional, helps people out, it will do well. And you can share your screen, walk people through each and every single step if you want. And that is extremely popular.

Strategy 3: “This or That” Polls

The third tip I have for you is it this or that poll. This is almost engagement bait because it generates lots of engagement. The idea is to go after some topic that people are passionate about and have strong preferences about. You’ll then offer two or more choices and invite people to leave a comment. It could be as simple as a video or an image that generates tons of comments or engagement. Typically what works better on Instagram, LinkedIn or Facebook is asking people to vote for either one or the other. When you give them options, whether it’s a comment or whether they’re able to click on, like in your Instagram stories, you can run a poll and people can click on one or the other. It creates tons of engagement. Example of this. I was on Instagram the other day. And someone was asking about the recent president. They’re like, did you vote for him? And would you vote for him again? I’m not here to get political, but that’s an example of something that will get tons of engagement. Now, I don’t recommend you get political with your polls, but I do recommend that you keep them related to your business and this will help you get more social media followers.

Strategy 4: Team Up With Other Content Creators

Next, team up with other content creators. This is probably one of the oldest in the book, right? Oldest tricks. Yet, very few people leverage them. When you partner up with other content creators, both you and the other creator are partnering up with a win. You both get exposure with each other’s audience and not only that, you get more followers. Plus, it positions your brand in a well-respected way because in your spaces, there’s someone else with a ton of followers and you have a ton of followers. Both of you will look great. If you’re too small to partner up with bigger brands, start small and that’s okay. Let’s say you only have 500 followers. Well, there’s someone else with only 500 followers, partner up with them. Maybe convince someone with a thousand followers, but don’t go after someone with a hundred thousand followers, that’s going to be tough. If you’re trying to figure out what the best way to partner up with someone is, typically it’s by going live on any of these social networks, and you guys both go live together and you promote it to both your audiences. That’s the easiest way to cross-promote.

Strategy 5: Go Live On Your Social Media

Now speaking of going live, this is the next one I have for you. Yes, you can use it when you partner with other content creators, but you can also just go live yourself. You can answer live questions, people can respond. It’s a great way to engage, create comments, and have more brand loyalty. Here’s the cool thing about going live. Social media sites are trying to keep up with the Kardashians and you’re probably like what the heck, they’re trying to keep up with the Kardashians? What I mean by that is they’re trying to get their own slice of reality TV. So if you can start going live, you could potentially draw more eyeballs because their algorithms want to promote it more. They want people to watch you, instead of “Keeping up with the Kardashians,” because “Keeping up with the Kardashians” does not make them money. but you, on their social network, being on there 24/7, going live, although you’re not really going to do it 24/7, it’s going to drive more traffic to their network.

Strategy 6:Curated List ( List Of Tools, Resources, Etc )

The next idea I have for you is curated lists. Whether it’s on resources or tools, they work really, really well. And you can do this in carousel format, or you can just do a post with, let’s say an image with like seven points or seven lists or items. Or it could just be as simple as writing down texts and posting them. It all works super well. The issue is most people don’t use lists. Have you ever been on TikTok and Instagram and you saw people breaking down recipes? That’s how-to, but they also in there, in their description, create a list of all the stuff you need to make that recipe they’re actually using both formats and those recipe tutorials do so well.

Strategy 7: Infographic & Data Visualization Carousels.

The last strategy I have for you is infographics and data visualization carousels. It’s kind of like this first one that we talked about, but it’s breaking down complex information in a simple, easy-to-understand visual. The first example, when I broke down carousels, I’m just talking about putting stats in different slides. But if you take down an infographic and you break it down into like seven carousels, instead of one long graphic, it tends to do really well.

Chicken Pasanday Recipe In Urdu

Chicken Pasanday Recipe In Urdu
Chicken Pasanday Recipe In Urdu

Chicken Pasanday Recipe In Urdu

Chicken likes
Ingredients:
Want to make instant favorites but don’t have beef, so now make chicken favorites with delicious treats that are fun to eat.
So let’s tell you the easiest recipe to make instant chicken picks.

Method:

Wash a kilo of boneless chicken and add soy sauce, white vinegar, two tablespoons of baking powder, and a crushed onion, mix well and cover the lid.
Heat oil in a pan, fry the onion and add ginger garlic paste, turmeric, red chili powder, coriander powder, black pepper powder, hot spices, and chaat spices and cook well for ten minutes.
Then add four crushed almonds, four crushed cashew nuts, and four crushed grams and cook, add yogurt, and fry the spices well.
Now add the seasoned chicken to the spices and cook for 20 minutes.
Get ready for your invitations. Whatever makes you enjoy your sehri easily.

Tip:
* Sauce in chicken etc. If you leave it in the evening, it will become even faster at night.
* Make onion paste and use it, then the taste will be full and the spices will be well fried.
* Finally, you can also use coal.

چکن پسندے
اجزاء:
جھٹ پٹ پسندے بنانا چاہتی ہیں لیکن گائے کا گوشت نہیں ہے تو اب بنائیں مرغی کے گوشت سے ایسے ذائقے دار دعوتوں والے پسندے جن کو کھاتے ہی مزہ آجائے۔
تو چلیں بتاتے ہیں آپ کو جھٹ پٹ مرغی کے پسندے بنانے کی آسان ترین ریسیپی۔

ترکیب:

٭ ایک کلو بون لیس چکن کو دھو لیں اور اس میں سویا سوس، سفید سرکہ، دو چمچ بیکنگ پاؤڈر اور ایک پسی ہوئی پیاز ڈال کر اچھی طرح مکس کر کے ڈھکن ڈھک دیں۔
٭ پتیلی میں آئل گرم کریں، پیاز بھونیں ساتھ ہی اس میں ادرک لہسن کا پیسٹ، ہلدی، لال مرچ پاؤڈر، دھنیا پاؤڈر، کالی مرچ پاؤڈر، گرم مصالحہ اور چاٹ مصالحہ ڈال کر اچھی طرح دس منٹ پکائیں۔
٭ پھر اس میں چار پسے ہوئے بادام، چار پسے ہوئے کاجو اور چار ہی پسے ہوئے چنے ڈال کر پکائیں، اس میں دہی شامل کریں اور مصالحے کو اچھی طرح بھون لیں۔
٭ سوس لگی ہوئی چکن کو اب مصالحے میں شامل کرلیں اور بیس منٹ پکائیں۔
٭ لیجئیے تیار ہیں آپ کے دعوتوں والے پسندے جو کرے آپ کی سحری کا مزہ دوبالا وہ بھی آسانی سے۔

ٹپ:
٭ چکن میں سوس وغیرہ اگر آپ شام کو ڈال کر چھوڑ دیں گی تو رات میں یہ اور بھی جلدی بنیں گے۔
٭ پیاز کا پیسٹ بنا کر اس میں استعمال کریں تو ذائقہ بھی بھرپور آئے گا اور مصالحہ بھی اچھا بھن جائے گا۔
٭ آخر میں آپ کوئلے کا دم بھی لگاسکتی ہیں ۔

 

khushk jild ke liye behetreen nuskhe in urdu

khushk jild ke liye behetreen nuskhe in urdu
khushk jild ke liye behetreen nuskhe in urdu

khushk jild ke liye behetreen nuskhe in urdu

How to prevent dry skin in cold weather? Learn Home Remedies To Keep Your Skin Soft And Soft

Winter is just beginning and dry and rough skin is a common problem but if precautionary measures are taken to keep the skin away from dryness and its softness from the beginning then the skin can be taken care of.
Here are some tips on how to keep skin moisturized in dry weather.

Ways to keep skin soft and supple in dry weather
Moisturizing
When it comes to removing dry skin, the most important thing is to keep the skin moisturized as much as possible. There are lots of best lotions available in the market for this. Besides, you can also prepare moisturizer at home. This will keep your face, hands, and feet very soft and supple.

How to make a moisturizer at home
You can make a lot of homemade moisturizers and use them many times. Just take glycerin, add lemon juice to it and mix rose water and fill it in a spray bottle. If you add almond oil to it, it will retain more moisture. It will be helpful, now apply this homemade moisturizer and get rid of dry skin.

Massage the face and hands with oil
If you do not want to face cracked skin in dry weather, another way to do this is to apply any good oil daily at night and massage your face and hands, feet, such as almond oil, castor oil Tea tree oil, etc. and then go to sleep. Doing so will deeply moisturize the skin and will not cause dryness.
Dry skin causes cracks in the skin, cracks and increases the risk of wrinkles and freckles. Our skin needs adequate moisture to stay soft and beautiful. Here are some homemade masks that will keep your skin hydrated.

Dry skin mask in winter
Banana mask
The cheapest and best banana mask is to prevent the skin from getting rough in cold and dry weather. Make a paste of the banana file. Now make a paste by mixing powdered milk and a teaspoon of honey in it. Then apply on face and the whole neck, then cover face with a fine muslin cloth, wash face and neck after 15 minutes, it will not only make skin smooth and fresh but also retain moisture for a long time. ۔

Yogurt and honey mask
Yogurt is naturally rich in fat. If one teaspoon of honey and 2 tablespoons of yogurt are mixed well and applied on the skin of the face, neck, and hands, it will make the skin completely smooth and dry. The mask creates moisture in the skin as well as brightens the complexion.

Steam
In order to maintain skin moisture in cold weather, it is also necessary to give steam to the face and for this bath also take a bath by adding 2 to 3 drops of almond oil in hot water so that dryness does not remain on the skin. Giving steam to it retains its moisture, brightens the complexion, and removes blemishes and bacteria from the skin.

Petroleum jelly
Petroleum jelly is a gift from nature to us. It is best for the skin to use as much as possible. After bathing daily, apply petroleum jelly on your hands, feet, and body. Its use deeply moisturizes the skin.

سرد موسم میں جلد کو خشک ہونے سے کیسے بچائیں؟ جانیئے جلد کو نرم و ملائم خوبصورتی کو برقرار رکھنے کے گھریلو طریقے

موسمِ سرما کا آغاز ہے اور اس میں جلد کا خشک اور کھردرا ہونا ایک عام مسئلہ ہے لیکن اگر آغاز سے ہی جلد کو خشکی سے دور اور اس کی نرمی برقرار رکھنے کے لئے احتیاطی تدابیر اختیار کی جائیں تو جلد کا خیال رکھا جا سکتا ہے۔
خشک موسم میں جلد کی نمی کو کیسے برقرار رکھا جائے اس کے چند گھریلو طریقے آپ کے لئے موسمی بدلاؤ نے نمٹنے میں مددگار ثابت ہو سکتے ہیں وہ کون سے طریقے ہیں آیئے جان لیتے ہیں۔

 خشک موسم میں جلد کو نرم و ملائم رکھنے کے طریقے
 موچرائزنگ
جب بات جلد کی خشکی دور کرنے کی آتی ہے تو سب سے اہم کام تو یہی ہے کہ جلد کو زیادہ سے زیادہ موسچرائز رکھا جائے، اس کے لئے بازار میں ڈھیروں بہترین لوشن ملتے ہیں اس کے علاوہ آپ گھر میں بھی موسچرائزر تیار کر سکتے ہیں جس سے آپ کا چہرہ ہاتھ پاؤں بےحد نرم و ملائم رہیں گے۔

 گھر میں موسچرائزر تیار کرنے کا طریقہ
آپ ڈھیر سارا گھریلو موسچرائزر بنا کر اسے کئی مرتبہ استعمال کر سکتے ہیں بس گلیسرین لیں اس میں لیموں کا رس شامل کریں اور عرقِ گلاب ملا کر اسپرے بوتل میں بھر لیں، آپ اس میں روغن بادام شامل کر لیں تو یہ مزید نمی برقرار رکھنے میں مددگار ثابت ہوگا، اب اس گھریلو موسچرائزر کو لگائیں اور خشک جلد سے نجات پائیں۔

تیل سے چہرے اور ہاتھوں کا مساج
اگر آپ خشک موسم میں پھٹی ہوئی جلد کا سامنا نہیں کرنا چاہتے تو اس کا ایک اور طریقہ یہ بھی ہے کہ آپ روزانہ رات کو کوئی بھی اچھا تیل لگا کر چہرے اور ہاتھوں، پاؤں کا مساج کریں، جیسے کہ روغنِ بادام، روغنِ ارنڈٰی یا ٹی ٹری آئل وغیرہ اور پھر سو جائیں ایسا کرنے سے جلد گہرائی سے موسچرائز ہو جائے گی اور خشکی کا سامنا نہیں ہوگا۔
خشک جلد رہنے کی وجہ سے جلد میں دراڑیں پڑ جاتی ہے جلد پھٹ جاتی ہے اور اس کی وجہ سے جھریاں اور جھائیاں آنے کا خطرہ بڑھ جاتا ہے ہماری جلد کو نرم وملائم اور خوبصورت رہنے کے لیے مناسب نمی کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، یہاں ہم آپ کو گھر میں چند ایسے ماسک کے استعمال کے بارے میں بتانے والے ہیں جن کے استعمال سے آپ کی جلد کی نمی برقرار رہے گی۔

 سردیوں میں جلد کی خشکی دور کرنے والے فیس ماسک
 کیلے کا ماسک
سرد اور خشک موسم میں جلد کو کھردرا ہونے سے بچانے کے لئے سب سے سستا اور بہترین کیلے کا ماسک ہے کیلا مسل کر اس کا پیسٹ بنا لیں اب اس میں پائوڈر کا دودھ او ر ایک چائے کا چمچ شہد ملا کر پیسٹ تیار کر لیں، پھر چہرے اور پوری گردن پر لگائیں، اس کے بعد ململ کے باریک کپڑے سے چہرے کو ڈھانپ لیں، پندرہ منٹ کے بعد چہرہ اور گردن دھو لیں اس سے نہ صرف جلد چکنی اور تروتازہ ہوگی بلکہ بہت دیر تک اس کی نمی بھی برقرار رہے گی۔

 دہی اور شہد کا ماسک
دہی میں قدرتی طور پر بھرپور چکنائی ہوتی ہے اگر ایک چائے کا چمچ شہد اور 2 کھانے کا چمچ دہی اچھی طرح مکس کر کے چہرے کی جلد گردن اور ہاتھوں پر لگایا جائے تو اس سے جلد بھرپور چکنی اور خشکی سے پاک ہو جاتی ہے، دہی کا ماسک جلد میں نمی پیدا کرتا ہے ساتھ ہی رنگت بھی نکھارتا ہے۔

اسٹیم
سرد موسم میں جلد کی نمی برقرار رکھنے کے لئے یہ بھی ضروری ہے کہ چہرے کو اسٹیم دی جائے اور اس نہانے کے لئے بھی گرم پانی میں 2 سے 3 قطرے روغنِ بادام شامل کر کے نہایا جائے اس سے جلد پر خشکی باقی نہیں رہتی، چہرے کو اسٹیم دینے سے اس کی نمی برقرار رہتی ہے رنگت میں نکھار آتا ہے اور جلد سے داغ دھبے دانے اور بیکٹیریاز بھی دور ہو جاتے ہیں۔

 پیٹرولیم جیلی
پیٹرولیم جیلی قدرت کی طرف سے ہمارے لئے ایک تحفہ ہے اس کا جتنا استعمال کیا جائے جلد کے لئے بہترین ہے، روزانہ نہا کر ہاتھوں پاؤں اور جسم پر پیٹرولیم جیلی ضرور لگائیں اس کے استعمال سے جلد گہرائی سے موسچرائز ہوتی ہے۔

Elaborate the role of school in the development of the socialization process in children

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Elaborate the role of school in the development of the socialization process in children

Question: Considering education, elaborate the role of school in the development of the socialization process in children.

Answer: 

Socialization is considered to be the most important technique which helps children and adults to learn from one another. The process of learning does not start at the school level yet a human being starts learning from others from the early days of his life and this process continues all through his life.

Schools play an important role in the development of socialization among children. The type of development of socialization among students falls under the branch of  “Developmental Socialization.” It is the process of learning behavior in a social institution. Schools are considered as a second home for students because it is a school wherein students pass most of the time of the day which ultimately helps in the development of socialization. In the process of socialization, school plays a very significant role. The school transfers the habit of socialization by performing some tasks, activities, and some functions from the students.  The first and foremost function of the school is to transmit knowledge and skills to the younger generation. So in the process of socialization, the younger generation can utilize the knowledge and skills which help them to learn about social rights, rules, regulation, and social beliefs so that they live according to their own ideas and knowledge. They develop thinking skills so recreation lies in their behavior. Moreover, the importance of the school as an agency of socialization can be divided into three subtopics: the school and society, the classroom, and the teacher. When children begin school it is usually the first time that they come under the supervision of people who are not their relatives. It is likely that the school is the first agency that encourages children to develop loyalties and sentiments that go beyond the family and link them to a wider social order. The classroom is often seen as a place where the child is easily faced with socializing amongst peers. Since most of the things that children do in the classroom are done in the presence of their peers, they have to learn how to deal with a more formalized group situation. Furthermore, the school fosters all-round development in the personality of students, physical, mental, emotional, and social. It involves all students in different co-curricular activities so that students develop physically, mentally, and socially, for example, curricular activities like Puzzles, games, group discussion, and sports-related to the curriculum which develops students not only physically, socially but mentally also. It helps in the development of mental thinking skills and co-curricular or extra activities including debate, elocution, competition, drawing, etc. it also helps in developing particular skills in every student such as the development of social leadership qualities and political leadership traits as well. It indirectly helps every individual to be known as a social being as every individual becomes socialized by such activities.

The importance of school in the process of socialization does not end here. It also helps in keeping the moral power of the society, secure and also maintains the social heritage of the society. This social heritage is handed to the following generation by the school. So it brings awareness to an individual about the moral power of society and social heritage. School protects the historical continuity of society. It performs the function of acquainting the new generation with ancient myths and legends and maintaining the patterns of behavior in the form of traditions and customs. So students become aware of ancient myths and legends and behavior thereby behaving in a particular social way. Furthermore, the school is like a family, a social; institution which socializes the individual and provides him some experience in social control therefore, the students start to learn to accept the kind of social control that is imposed on them in school. A student also learns the rules of democracy from a school. Many countries that have democratic systems demand to indulge democratic policies in schools which helps the students to acquaint themselves with democratic norms of social control which is very important in the process of socialization. Thus students learn how to live with democratic norms and how to behave with each other.

Elaborate how technology has served as an agent of change

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Elaborate how technology has served as an agent of change

Question: Elaborate on how technology has served as an agent of change? Discuss its advantages and limitations.

Answer:  In schools, technology has served as a powerful agent of change.it is observed that the schools are undergoing a major transformation as they are focusing more on a digital learning environment. Students are becoming more intellectual due to the greater opportunities to access information with the help of technology. It is also helping the Teachers to gain maximum information through the use of technology hence increasing their exposure to greater knowledge. This also helps them in conveying authentic and accurate knowledge. Technology is greatly affecting schools and communities all over the globe.  Technology has changed many traditional ways. It has brought a drastic change in the field of communication, lifestyle, and urbanization. Modernization etc.

Technology has changed the lifestyle of people. People are greatly affected by the progress of technology. Life would slow down with the absence of technology. Humans are becoming more mechanical as their efforts are only mental. They have less physical effort due to the presence of technology. People live differently from how they used to live in the past years. When technology is very reachable and human beings are very much willing to adopt this kind of technology, change is not a very impossible path. Technology has greatly improved the way people are living. It has developed the standard of living. Every action of men corresponds to a specific machine that could help men one way or another. Examples of these are computers to which people are doing almost all the electronic work. For example, the use of refrigerators, inverters are also changing the lifestyle of people.

Technology has a great role in the growth of industrialization. It has contributed to the growth of industries. Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society hitherto mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social. It describes in general the growth of a society in which a major role is played by the manufacturing industry. Industrialization is associated with the factory system of production. The whole process of production is mechanized. Consequently, the traditional skills have declined and a good number of artisans have lost their work. Huge factories could provide employment opportunities to thousands of people.

Development In the transport system is also an important feature of technology.it has led to national and international trade on a large scale. The road transport, the train service, the ships, and the airplanes have eased the movement of men and material goods. Moreover, there are different ways of communication being introduced by technology. Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless, and the like have developed a great deal. Space research and the launching of satellites for communication purposes have further added to these developments. They have helped the people belonging to different corners of Pakistan or the world to have regular contacts.

Transformation in the economy and the evolution of the new social classes is also a feature of technology. The introduction of the factory system of production has turned the agricultural economy into an industrial economy. The industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two predominant classes; the capitalist class and the working class. These two classes are always in conflict due to the mutual opposite interest. In the course of time, an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved.

The change brought by technology has positive as well as negative impacts. The above-mentioned points are some of the important benefits of technology. But technology has some limitations also. The limitations of technology include, increased threat of war, a high increase in the rate of unemployment, harmful effects to the environment, and growing illness among the masses due to the constant mental effort and a little physical effort.

The problem of unemployment is a concomitant feature of rapid technological advancement. Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men but also take away the jobs of men through labor-saving devices.

Technology has also increased the threat of war. The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the modern mode of warfare. The weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to mankind. They can easily destroy the entire human race and reveal how technology could be misused. Thus the greater the technological advancement the more risk for mankind.

Apart from it, technology has also increased the disease rate. Due to the great screen time, people are getting blind, they are suffering from acute muscle disease due to the continuous muscle tension. Moreover, technology has also affected the environment. Due to a large number of vehicles, the rate of pollution is increasing day by day which in turn affects not only human beings but the animal ecosystem also.

Explain different models of group development

AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022
AIOU Solved Assignments Cost Accounting 444 Autumn 2022

Explain different models of group development

Question:

Explain different models of group development. In your opinion which model describes the developmental process most appropriately?

Answer:  Group development plays a very important role. There are a number of models related to group development. There are different types of groups.

A psychological group may be defined as one in which the two or more persons who are interdependent influence every other person. These include families, friendship circles, political clubs, work, educational, religious, neighborhood, and recreational groups.  The social group on the other hand is an integrated system of interrelated psychological groups formed to accomplish a defined function or objective.  Formal groups refer to those which are established under the legal or formal authority with the view to achieving a particular end result and the group is named after on the basis of its organizational structure, having work assignments establishing tasks. For example, the teachers union. The Informal groups refer to the aggregate of the personal contacts and interaction and the network of relationships among individuals obtained in an informal way. The primary groups are characterized by small size, face-to-face interactions, and intimacy among the members of the group. Examples are family groups and neighborhood groups. The secondary groups are characterized by large size and individuals’ identification with the values and beliefs prevailing in them rather than actual interactions. Examples are occupational associations and ethnic groups.

Apart from these groups, there are a number of different groups as well. The appointment of individuals to a group based on their compatibility, diversity, or expertise does not assure effectiveness in achieving group goals. A group is initially a collection of personalities with different characteristics, needs, and influences. To be effective, these individuals must spend time acclimatizing themselves to their environment, the task, and to each other. Organizational experts and practitioners have observed that new groups go through a number of stages before they achieve maximum performance. Each model presents the members with different challenges that must be overcome before they can move on to the next stage. These stages have been identified as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Forming is one of the most important models of group development. It involves the formation of relations with other members as well as with the relevant work also. This model helps the members to get familiarized with the task and also helps them to preoccupy themselves with other members of the group. This is sometimes referred to as the dependent stage, as members tend to depend on outside expertise for guidance, job definition, and task analysis.

Storming is another group development model. With the help of this model, the group encounters conflict as members confront and criticize each other and the approach the group is taking to their tasks. Issues that arise include the identification of roles and responsibilities, operational rules and procedures, and the individual need for recognition of his or her skills and abilities. This stage is also referred to as the counter-dependent stage where members tend to “flex their muscles” in search of identity. In some cases, the group may have problems getting through this model. This may occur if the group encounters difficulty clarifying their task, agreeing on their mission or mandate, or deciding how they will proceed. Lack of skills, ability, or aptitude can also contribute to their inability to get beyond this stage.

Norming as a group development model works in the normalization of the tension created among colleagues or members of a team. At this point, members start to resolve the issues that are creating the conflict and begin to develop their social agreements. The members begin to recognize their interdependence, develop cohesion, and agree on the group norms that will help them function effectively in the future.

In the Performing group model, the team members start doing their relevant tasks. When the group has sorted out its social structure and understands its goals and individual roles, it moves towards accomplishing its task. Mutual assistance and creativity become prominent themes at this stage. The group, sensing its growth and maturity, becomes independent, relying on its own resources.

During the Adjourning phase, the group resorts to some form of closure that includes rites and rituals suitable to the event. These may include socials and parties, or ceremonies that exhibit emotional support or celebration of their success.

In my opinion, the most important group development model is performing. This is because the task that is allowed to every member becomes the responsibility of the members. It urges them to complete the task within the given time limit. It also helps in developing the habit of mutual help among the members. This also helps in maturing the approach of group members and helps them to become more independent of their personal resources.

The impact of Imam Ghazali and Ibn-e-khuldun is still visible in our present day education system

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