Cases are narratives, situations, select data samplings, or statements that present unresolved and provocative issues, situations, or questions. The case method is a participatory, discussion-based way of learning where students gain skills in critical thinking, communication, and group dynamics. It is a type of problem-based learning. Often seen in the professional schools of medicine, law, and business, the case method is now used successfully in disciplines such as engineering, chemistry, education, and journalism. Students can work through a case during class as a whole or in small groups.
In addition to the definition above, the case method of teaching (or learning):
Is a partnership between students and teachers as well as among students.
Promotes more effective contextual learning and long-term retention.
Involves trust that students will find the answers.
Answers questions not only of “how” but “why.”
Provides students the opportunity to “walk around the problem” and to see varied perspectives.
کیسز بیانیہ، حالات، منتخب ڈیٹا کے نمونے، یا ایسے بیانات ہیں جو حل نہ ہونے والے اور اشتعال انگیز مسائل، حالات یا سوالات پیش کرتے ہیں۔ کیس کا طریقہ سیکھنے کا ایک شراکتی، بحث پر مبنی طریقہ ہے جہاں طلباء تنقیدی سوچ، کمیونیکیشن، اور گروپ ڈائنامکس میں مہارت حاصل کرتے ہیں۔ یہ مسئلہ پر مبنی سیکھنے کی ایک قسم ہے۔ طب، قانون اور کاروبار کے پیشہ ورانہ اسکولوں میں اکثر دیکھا جاتا ہے، کیس کا طریقہ اب انجینئرنگ، کیمسٹری، تعلیم اور صحافت جیسے شعبوں میں کامیابی کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ طلباء کلاس کے دوران مجموعی طور پر یا چھوٹے گروپوں میں کیس کے ذریعے کام کر سکتے ہیں۔
مندرجہ بالا تعریف کے علاوہ، کیس طریقہ تدریس (یا سیکھنے)
طلباء اور اساتذہ کے ساتھ ساتھ طلباء کے درمیان شراکت داری ہے۔ زیادہ مؤثر سیاق و سباق سیکھنے اور طویل مدتی برقرار رکھنے کو فروغ دیتا ہے۔ اس میں اعتماد شامل ہے کہ طلباء کو جواب مل جائے گا۔ نہ صرف “کیسے” بلکہ “کیوں” کے سوالات کے جوابات۔ طلباء کو “مسئلہ کے ارد گرد چلنے” اور مختلف نقطہ نظر کو دیکھنے کا موقع فراہم کرتا ہے۔
The Personal And Professional Qualities Of Teachers
Personal qualities
Following are the personal qualities of a school teacher
powerful interactive and transmission skills
a sincere interest in children and admiration for their individuality
the capability to be aware of children’s particular needs
the skill to be innovative, artistic, understanding, organized, and practical
the ability to establish rapport between children and parents
strong leadership and teamwork skills and a good sense of humor
a high level of dedication to work which often impacts personal lifestyle choices
a clear, pleasant speaking voice and the ability to convey confidence
positive conflict resolution skills and the ability to handle stress well.
Professional Qualities
The teacher’s professional characteristics are following:
Collaboration
The teacher works with others to achieve a common goal.
Interacts constructively with peers/colleagues, administrators, supervisors, staff, mentor teachers, and parents
Shows consideration and respect for the thoughts and feelings of others
Demonstrates effective verbal and non-verbal communication skills
Demonstrates flexibility with others
Solicits suggestions and feedback from others
Maintains communication with colleagues, supervisors, and mentor teachers when questions or concerns arise
Recognizes a range of valid viewpoints
Functions as a contributing member of an instructional team to achieve long-term curriculum goals, state content standards, and district standards (term 4)
Communicates effectively both verbally and non-verbally
Shares ideas and materials
Offers ideas and observations at IEP meetings
Honesty and Integrity
The teacher demonstrates truthfulness, professional behavior, and trustworthiness.
Displays honesty and integrity
Maintains confidentiality
Elicits trust and respect from both peers and supervisors
In completing course and field experience assignments, produces original work and credits sources when appropriate
Respect
The teacher honors, values, and demonstrates consideration and regard for oneself and others.
Is respectful of cultural patterns and expectations within a community context
Presents self in a professional manner (e.g., dress, communication)
Speaks and behaves in a manner that is sensitive to linguistic and cultural differences and respects the dignity and worth of others
Establishes good rapport with students and colleagues
Seeks to address the varied learning needs of students in his/her classroom, including lower-performing children and those with disabilities
Recognizes and respects identities informed by a group’s historical context
Commitment to Learning
The teacher values learning for self and students.
Exhibits energy, drive, and determination to make one’s school and classroom the best possible environment for teaching and learning.
Plans and delivers instruction that engages all students in his/her classroom and addresses their learning needs
Values ongoing assessment as essential to the instructional process
Demonstrates a commitment to students’ learning
Implements research-based strategies
Proposes ideas and solutions that address curriculum, instruction, and classroom management
Locates and/or creates materials that bring about student learning
Assumes responsibilities locate materials and resources and improves teaching
Reflects upon and evaluates effectiveness as a teacher, and seeks to improve skills
Reflects on and offers ideas to address curricular, instructional, and classroom management matters
Engages students in discovering how knowledge is constructed
Actively and consciously looks for stories, wisdom, action, and creations of knowledge from diverse perspectives
Reflects on performance and attitudes as a teacher
Reflects upon and evaluates effectiveness as a teacher, and seeks to improve skills
Receives feedback in a positive manner and makes necessary adjustments
Regularly re-assesses his/her commitment to the profession
Evaluates instruction and student interactions and modifies as needed
Emotional Maturity
The teacher demonstrates situation-appropriate behavior.
Is self-confident and enthusiastic
Displays enthusiasm for teaching and the subject matter
Demonstrates self-confidence through body language, voice tone, eye contact, preparedness
Exhibits energy, drive, and determination to become a professional educator
Is dependable, conscientious, and punctual
Arrives early or on-time
Completes assigned tasks in a timely manner
Follows through with assignments and expectations
Models social skills, character traits, and dispositions desired in students.
Establishes caring and mutually respectful relationships with students
Explicitly teaches and models desired behaviors and attitudes
Leadership and Responsibility
The teacher acts independently and demonstrates accountability, reliability, and sound judgment.
Is aware of and acts according to school policies and practices.
Has obtained and read the school policy manual
Adheres to class, school, and district rules and policies.
Differentiate LCD and LED monitors. Explain with the help of suitable examples.
Differences between LCD and LED are important to understand as they are both very co-related and it is possible to get confused between one and the other. LCD is the abbreviation for liquid crystal display while LED is the abbreviation for light-emitting diodes. They differ from one another in the fact that LCDs usually use fluorescent lights while lights use light-emitting diodes.
The structure of both LCD and LED is quite the same as the technology behind these screens is the same. The differing television types have two different layers of polarized glass and through this glass, the liquid crystals get blocked as well as pass the light. Thus, this is one of the key differences and similarities between LCD and LED.
LCD Vs LED
The table given below lists the differences between LCD and LED. In short, knowing about LCD Vs LED will help to a greater extent.
Difference between LCD and LED
LCD
LED
LCD stands for liquid crystal display.
LED stands for light-emitting diodes.
All LCDs are not a subset of LED TV.
All LEDs are a subset of LCD TV.
LCDs primarily use fluorescent lights.
LEDs use light-emitting diodes.
Fluorescent lights used are usually placed behind the screen.
Light-emitting diodes are usually placed behind the screen or around the edges.
LCDs are usually thicker and lack energy efficiency compared to LEDs.
LEDs are much thinner and are much more energy-efficient.
If you liked this article and would like to read more articles related to education, do One of the major differences between the LED and the LCD is that the LED uses the PN-Junction diode which emits light when the current passing through it, whereas LCD uses liquid crystal or plasma for visible light emission. The liquid crystals are filled between the glass electrode and when the power is applied across it, the liquid crystal becomes energized and emits light. The other differences between the LED and LCD are shown below in the comparison chart.
The LED and LCD both are used for displaying the images and texts. The LED uses gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide which when heated emits visible light. The LED is used for showing the numeric and alphanumeric characters. On the other hand, the LCD has a thin layer of liquid crystal filament between the glass electrodes. When the power is applied across the electrodes, they start emitting light energy in the form of photons. The LCD displays the text or images in the form of a dot matrix and segments.
Comparison Chart
Basis For Comparison
LED
LCD
Definition
PN-Junction devise which discharges visible lights when an electrical charge passes through it.
It is an optical device used for displaying information in the form of text and images.
Stand For
Light Emitting Diode
Liquid Crystal Display
Backlight
No backlight
Cold cathode fluorescent lamp provides backlight.
Resolution
High
Low
Power Requirement
More
Less
Display Area
Small
Large
Cost
High
Low
Material
Gallium arsenide phosphide.
Liquid crystals and glass electrodes.
Switching Time
Fast
Slow
Direct Current
Do not effects.
Reduces Life Span
Contrast Ratio
Low
High
Mercury
Not used
Used
Definition of LED
The full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode. The LED is a PN junction diode that emits light when an electric current flows through it in the forward direction. The LED is constructed by doping the p-type and n-type material. When the power is applied across the LED the recombination of P-type and N-type material charges takes place. The recombination of charges gives energy in the form of heat and light.
The semiconductor material is translucent (allow light to pass) and it emits light through their junction. The semiconductor material used galvanized arsenides, which generates red or yellow light. It is also available in green, red, and amber colors. Several LED is used for representing the one segment and the decimal points are represented by the single LED.
Definition of LCD
The LCD is used for displaying the texts and images in the form of a dot matrix or segments. The LCD has liquid crystal filament which is filled between the transparent electrodes. When the current passes between the electrodes, the filaments become energized and emit visible light.
The construction of the liquid crystal display is shown in the figure below. The liquid crystal used in the display has the property of both the solid and the liquid. When the potential is not applied across the liquid crystal, it becomes transparent but after activation, the crystal scatters light in all directions and appears to be bright.
The LCD consumes less power and also has seven-segment displays. But it is a slow device and requires more time for switching. The dc reduces their lifespan and hence mostly they are used with AC having a frequency less than 500 Hz.
Describe any three input and three output devices with examples
Input Devices
Keyboard
A simple device comprising keys and each key denotes either an alphabet, number, or number commands which can be given to a computer for various actions to be performed
It has a modified version of typewriter keys
The keyboard is an essential input device and computers and laptops both use keyboards to give commands to the computer.
Mouse
It is also known as a pointing device
Using mouse we can directly click on the various icons present on the system and open up various files and programs
A mouse comprises 3 buttons on the top and one trackball at the bottom which helps in selecting and moving the mouse around, respectively
In the case of laptops, the touchpad is given as a replacement for the mouse which helps in the movement of the mouse pointer.
Joy Stick
It is a device that comprises a stick that is attached at an angle to the base so that it can be moved and controlled
Mostly used to control the movement in video games
Apart from a computer system, a joystick is also used in the cockpit of an airplane, wheelchairs, cranes, trucks, etc. to operate them well.
Output Device
Monitor
The device which displays all the icons, text, images, etc. over a screen is called the Monitor
When we ask the computer to perform an action, the result of that action is displayed on the monitor
Various types of monitors have also been developed over the years
Printer
A device that makes a copy of the pictorial or textual content, usually over paper is called a printer
For example, an author types the entire book on his/her computer and later gets a printout of it, which is in the form of paper and is later published
Multiple types of printers are also available in the market, which can serve different purposes
Speakers
A device through which we can listen to a sound as an outcome of what we command a computer to do is called a speaker
Speakers are attached with a computer system and also are hardware devices that can be attached separately With the advancement in technology, speakers are now available which are wireless and can be connected using Bluetooth or other applications.
Describe any three input and three output devices with examples
Explain the purpose of the speech recognition device
Speech Recognition
The ability of devices to respond to spoken commands. Speech recognition enables hands-free control of various devices and equipment (a particular boon to many disabled persons), provides input to automatic translation, and creates print-ready dictation. Among the earliest applications for speech recognition were automated telephone systems and medical dictation software. It is frequently used for dictation, querying databases, and giving commands to computer-based systems, especially in professions that rely on specialized vocabularies. It also enables personal assistants in vehicles and smartphones, such as Apple’s Siri.
Before any machine can interpret speech, a microphone must translate the vibrations of a person’s voice into a wavelike electrical signal. This signal in turn is converted by the system’s hardware—for instance, a computer’s sound card—into a digital signal. It is the digital signal that a speech recognition program analyzes in order to recognize separate phonemes, the basic building blocks of speech. The phonemes are then recombined into words. However, many words sound alike, and, in order to select the appropriate word, the program must rely on the context. Many programs establish context through trigram analysis, a method based on a database of frequent three-word clusters in which probabilities are assigned that any two words will be followed by a given third word. For example, if a speaker says “who am,” the next word will be recognized as the pronoun “I” rather than the similar-sounding but less likely “eye.” Nevertheless, human intervention is sometimes needed to correct errors.
Programs for recognizing a few isolated words, such as telephone voice navigation systems, work for almost every user. On the other hand, continuous speech programs, such as dictation programs, must be trained to recognize an individual’s speech patterns; training involves the user reading aloud samples of text. Today, with the growing power of personal computers and mobile devices, the accuracy of speech recognition has improved markedly. Error rates have been reduced to about 5 percent in vocabularies containing tens of thousands of words. Even greater accuracy is reached in limited vocabularies for specialized applications such as dictation of radiological diagnoses.
What do you mean by point and draw devices? Enlist and describe them briefly with the help
A pointing device is an input interface that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures by moving a hand-held mouse or similar device across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes. Common gestures are point and click and drag and drop.
Mouse:
A mouse moves the graphical pointer by being slid across a smooth surface. The conventional roller-ball mouse uses a ball to create this action: the ball is in contact with two small shafts that are set at right angles to each other. As the ball moves these shafts rotate, and the rotation is measured by sensors within the mouse. The distance and direction information from the sensors is then transmitted to the computer, and the computer moves the graphical pointer on the screen by following the movements of the mouse.
Optical Mouse:-
Another common mouse is the optical mouse. This device is very similar to the conventional mouse but uses visible or infrared light instead of a roller-ball to detect the changes in position.
Mini-mouse:-
A mini-mouse is a small egg-sized mouse for use with laptop computers; usually small enough for use on a free area of the laptop body itself, it is typically optical, includes a retractable cord, and uses a USB port to save battery life.
Trackball:
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball. The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers, or the palm of the hand to move a pointer.
Compared with a mouse, a trackball has no limits on effective travel; at times, a mouse can reach an edge of its working area while the operator still wishes to move the screen pointer farther. With a trackball, the operator just continues rolling, whereas a mouse would have to be lifted and re-positioned.
Joystick:-
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras, and zero-turning radius lawnmowers.
Analog Stick:-
An analog stick sometimes called a control stick, joystick, or thumbstick is an input device for a controller (often a game controller) that is used for three-dimensional input. An analog stick is a variation of a joystick, consisting of a protrusion from the controller; input is based on the position of this protrusion in relation to the default “center” position. While digital sticks rely on single electrical connections for movement (using internal digital electrical contacts for up, down, left, and right), analog sticks use continuous electrical activity running through potentiometers. The analog stick has greatly overtaken the D-pad in both prominence and usage in console video games.
Pointing Stick:-
A pointing stick is an isometric joystick used as a pointing device, as with a touchpad or trackball, and typically mounted in a computer keyboard. Movements of the pointing stick are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes.
The pointing stick operates by sensing applied force, by using a pair of resistive strain gauges. A pointing stick can be used by pushing with the fingers in the general direction the user wants the cursor to move. The velocity of the pointer depends on the applied force so increasing pressure causes faster movement.
Stylus:-
A stylus is a small pen-shaped instrument that is used to input commands to a computer screen, mobile device, or graphics tablet.
The stylus is the primary input device for personal digital assistants and smartphones that require accurate input, although devices featuring multi-touch finger-input with capacitive touchscreens are becoming more popular than stylus-driven devices in the smartphone market.
Touchpad:-
A touchpad or trackpad is a flat surface that can detect finger contact. It is a stationary pointing device, commonly used on laptop computers. At least one physical button normally comes with the touchpad, but the user can also generate a mouse click by tapping on the pad. Advanced features include pressure sensitivity and special gestures such as scrolling by moving one’s finger along an edge.
Light pen:-
A light pen is a device similar to a touch screen but uses a special light-sensitive pen instead of the finger, which allows for more accurate screen input. As the tip of the light pen makes contact with the screen, it sends a signal back to the computer containing the coordinates of the pixels at that point. It can be used to draw on the computer screen or make menu selections and does not require a special touch screen because it can work with any CRT display.
Touch Screen:-
A touchscreen is a device embedded into the screen of the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interact with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool. A touchscreen is a device embedded into the screen of the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interact with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool.
What is the importance of Port in the computer system?
What is the importance of Port in the computer system? Enlist different ports of computers.
Computer ports are an essential feature of all computing devices. Ports provide the input and output interfaces the device needs to communicate with peripherals and computer networks. The most important ports on computers are used for networking, for without them, the computer would be completely isolated and unable to communicate outside of itself.
Types of Computer Ports
A computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. It processes the input according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired output. As we know that we can connect multiple external devices with the computer system. Now, these devices are connected with the computer using Ports. The ports are the physical docking points present in the computer through which the external devices are connected using cables. Or in other words, a port is an interface between the motherboard and an external device of the computer. There are different types of ports available:
Serial port
Parallel port
USB port
PS/2 port
VGA port
Modem port
FireWire Port
Sockets
Infrared Port
Game Port
Digital Video Interface (DVI) Port
Ethernet Port
Serial port (COM Port):
A serial port is also called a communication port and they are used for connection of external devices like a modem, mouse, or keyboard (basically in older PCs). Serial cables are cheaper to make in comparison to parallel cables and they are easier to shield from interference. There are two versions of it, which are 9 pin model and the 25 pin model. It transmits data at 115 KB/sec.
Parallel Port (LPT ports):
Parallel ports are generally used for connecting scanners and printers. It can send several bits at the same time as it uses parallel communication. Its data transfer speed is much higher in comparison with the serial port. It is a 25 pin model. It is also known as Printer Port or Line Printer Port.
USB (Universal Serial Bus):
In 1997 USB was first introduced. This can connect all kinds of external USB devices, like external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc. There is a minimum of two USB Ports provided in most of the computer systems. It is a kind of new type serial connection Port that is much faster than the old serial Ports and These USB Ports are much smarter and more versatile, as it allows the “daisy-chaining” of up to 127 USB peripherals connected to one port. The data transfer rate in this is Data12 megabits per second. It also provides plug & plays communication.
PS/2 Port:
PS/2 ports are special ports used for connecting old computer keyboard and mouse. It was invented by IBM. In old computers, there is a minimum of two PS/2 Ports, each for the keyboard and the mouse. It is a 6 pin mini Din connector.
VGA Port:
VGA ports also known as Video Graphic Array connectors are those which connect the monitor to a computer’s video card. VGA port has 15 holes and it is similar to the serial port connector. But VGA Ports have holes in them and the serial port connector has pins in it.
Sockets:
Microphones and speakers are connected with the help of Sockets to the sound card of the computer.
FireWire Port:
The IEEE 1394 interface, which is developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple as FireWire. It can transfer large amounts of data at a very high speed. It is used to connect camcorders and video equipment to the computer. It comes up with three variants which are 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector, and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector.
Infrared Port:
An Infrared(IR) port is used to send and receive infrared signals from other devices. It is a kind of wireless type port with a limited range of 5-10ft.
Game Port:
These ports are used previously to connect a joystick to a PC. But nowadays it is replaced by USB ports.
Modem Port:
As the name suggests, a Modem port is used to connect a PC’s modem to the telephone network.
Digital Video Interface (DVI) Port:
DVI Port is used to connect LCD (flat panel) monitor to the computer’s high-end video graphic cards and it is very popular among video card manufacturers.
Ethernet Port:
Ethernet Port helps to connect to a network and high-speed Internet (provided by LAN or other sources). It connects the network cable to a computer and resides in an Ethernet card. It provides a data travel speed of 10 Mb to 1000 Mb(megabits) per second.
Discuss the classification of computers with examples. Also, explain the types of memory in detail.
Computer scan is broadly classified by its speed and computing power.
Sr.No
Type
Specifications
1
PC (Personal Computer) or Micro-Computers
It is a single-user computer system having a moderately powerful microprocessor. It is termed as a computer that is equipped microprocessor as its CPU.
2
Workstation
It is also a single-user computer system, similar to the personal computer, however, has a more powerful microprocessor.
3
Mini-Computer
It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
4
Main Frame
It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputers.
5
Super-Computer
It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
PC (Personal Computer)
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
Workstation
The workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage devices such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstations, comes without a disk drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form a local area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.
Mainframe
The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.
Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require an immense amount of mathematical calculations (number-crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).
Types of computer memory
Internal
Internal memory, also known as primary memory, stores small amounts of data that the computer can access while you’re actively using it. Internal memory consists of chips connected to the motherboard and needs to be connected directly to the device in order to use it. There are two basic types of internal memory called RAM and ROM, and those have their own subsets of memories.
RAM
Random-access memory (RAM) is the primary internal memory of the central processing unit (CPU). Your electronic device uses it for storing temporary data. It does this by providing applications with a place to store data you’re actively using so that they can quickly access the data. The amount of RAM on your device controls its performance and speed. If you don’t have enough RAM, it may process programs slowly which can affect the output and speed with which you can use the computer.
RAM also has “volatile memory” because it loses the data it was storing if you turn off the device. For example, if you’re on your laptop using the internet browser and your computer gets turned off, it may not have saved the web pages you were previously using because RAM only stores that information temporarily.
DRAM
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is one of the two specific types of RAM seen in modern devices, such as laptops, desktops, portable devices, and gaming systems. It’s the more affordable of the two types of RAM and produces high-capacity memory. It’s made of two components, transistors, and capacitors, which require a recharge every few seconds to retain its data. Like RAM, it also loses data when it loses power and has volatile memory.
SRAM
Static random access memory (SRAM) is the second type of RAM and stores data as long as there is power in the system, unlike DRAM which is refreshed much more frequently. Because it holds power longer, it’s more expensive than DRAM, which typically makes it not as widely used. Users generally use SRAM for cache memory, which makes it a faster form of memory than DRAM.
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) is another type of primary internal memory, but unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile and stores data permanently. It does not depend on the device to be turned on in order to save data. Instead, a programmer writes the data into individual cells using binary code, which represents text using the “1” and “0” two-symbol system. Because you cannot alter the data on ROM, you can use this type of memory for aspects that don’t change, such as the boot-up of software or firmware instructions, which help a device function properly.
PROM
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a type of ROM that begins as memory with no data on it. A user can write data onto the chip using a special device called a PROM programmer. Like ROM, data is permanent once a user has written it onto the chip. This type of memory may be useful to programmers who would like to create specific firmware for a chip and use it to alter the typical function of a system.
EPROM
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) is another type of ROM chip that users can write data on as well as erase old data and reprogram it. You can erase the current data by using ultraviolet (UV) light in the form of a quartz crystal window at the top of the chip. After you’ve erased the data, you can use the PROM programmer to reprogram it. You can only erase data from an EPROM chip a certain number of times because excessive erasing can damage the chip and make it unreliable for future use.
EEPROM
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is the final type of non-volatile ROM chip that usually replaces the need for PROM or EPROM chips. This type of memory also allows users to erase and reprogram data onto the chip, but does so using an electric field and is much quicker at erasing data than the EPROM. In addition, you can conveniently erase data while the chip is still inside the computer, whereas EPROM chips need to be taken out of the computer to erase it.
Cache
Cache memory is an internal high-speed semiconductor memory that stores instances of data frequently used by the CPU. It provides access to the CPU, so when the CPU requests data or programs the cache memory can transfer them to the CPU almost instantly. Cache memory usually sits between the CPU and RAM serves as a buffer between the two.
External
External memory, also known as secondary memory, is memory not directly connected to the CPU that you can attach or remove as needed. There are many types of external memory that individuals use in their devices. Examples include external hard drives, flash drives, memory cards, and compact discs (CDs). You can store data from a computer onto external memory, remove it from the device and connect it with another compatible device to transfer data.
Optical drive
Optical drive memory is an external memory that can both store and read data using light. The most common types are CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. To access the contents on an optical drive, you place the disc inside the computer and the computer spins the disc. A laser beam inside the system scans it, receives the data on the optical drive, and uploads it onto the computer. This type of memory can be useful because it’s generally inexpensive, easily accessible and stores a lot of data.
Magnetic storage
Magnetic storage devices have a coating of magnetic material where it encodes data as an electric current. This type of memory uses magnetic fields to magnetize small sections of a metal spinning disk. Each section represents a “1” or a “0” and contains an extensive amount of data, often many terabytes. Users like this type of memory because it’s affordable, durable, and can store a lot of data. Common forms of magnetic storage devices are magnetic tape, hard disk drives, and floppy disks.
Solid-state drives
Solid-state drives are a form of external memory made up of silicon microchips. They’re similar to magnetic storage devices because you can remove them from the device you’re storing or extracting data from, but solid-state drives are more modern. They’re also faster because the memory keeps the binary data stored electrically in silicon chips known as cells. RAM uses a similar technique, but solid-state drives can keep memory stored even when you turn off a device because they use flash memory. Common types are the universal serial bus (USB) memory stick or USB flash drive.
Virtual
Virtual memory is another type of secondary memory in the form of a hard drive or solid-state drive that enables a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by transferring data from RAM to disk storage. When availability on RAM is running low, virtual memory moves data to a paging file, which is a portion of a hard disk used as an extension of RAM. This is a temporary process that disappears when RAM has more space available.
For example, if a user is on their device and using multiple applications at once, they may use a large portion of available RAM, which could slow down the device and its ability to efficiently operate the programs. The data the computer isn’t using then gets transferred to virtual memory to provide more space for the RAM to run the applications at their full capacity.
Image Scanner – Data Scanner Drum Printer – Pen Plotter LCD – LED Monitors Large Venue Projectors – Home Cinema Projectors
Image Scanner
An image scanner is a digital device used to scan images, pictures, printed text, and objects and then convert them to digital images. Image scanners are used in a variety of domestic and industrial applications like design, reverse engineering, orthotics, gaming, and testing. The most widely used type of scanner in offices or homes is a flatbed scanner, also known as a Xerox machine. This modern image scanner is a descendant of early fax input devices and telegraphy equipment.
Data Scanner
Scanner data are the data recorded by the retailers when consumers make purchases. They include, for each article sold in a store on a given day, the number of articles sold and the sales price. They are transmitted daily by the retail chains to Insee. These data are used in the compilation of the Consumer Price Index or in research on this indicator.
Drum Printer
The term “drum printer” refers to different types of printer designs throughout the modern digital age that have featured drum installations or setups. Two very different types of drum printers represent landmarks in the process of building ever-more-sophisticated and advanced printers as digital technologies have evolved.
Pen Plotter
Computer-driven line-drawing output devices that produce high-quality plots on paper or film. Pen plotters can use a variety of writing instruments, including wet-ink pens, ballpoint pens, scribe tips for coated materials, or some other kind of cutter for strippable film. Most pen plotters, however, use one or more pens for drawing lines in the x,y plane on paper. Broadly, there are three types of pen plotter: flatbed, drum, and belted. On a flatbed plotter, paper is held in a flat horizontal plane while a pen carriage moves the writing instrument in both x and y directions.
LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in smartphones, televisions, computer monitors, and instrument panels.
LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it. Where an LED emits light, the liquid crystals in an LCD produce an image using a backlight.
LED Monitors
Short for a light-emitting diode monitor, an LED monitor or LED display is a flat screen, flat-panel computer monitor, or television. It has a very short depth and is light in terms of weight. The actual difference between this and a typical LCD monitor is the backlighting. The first LCD monitors used CCFL instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
Large Venue Projectors
The largest permanent projection screen measures 2,115.19 m² (22,767 ft² 118 in²), installed in Music Media Dome (Russian Federation) and was achieved by B. Alibekov, D. Yankovenko, and A. Pokidyshev (all Russian Federation) in Moscow, Russian Federation, on 17 April 2018.
Home Cinema Projectors
There are two kinds of projectors for the home. One is the classic home theater projector. This is for people who want to spend the time and money to reproduce the dark viewing experience of a commercial movie theater in their home. And if you love the pure, super high-quality film and video experience, nothing can beat it. Because home theater projectors are meant to be viewed in the dark, they are designed to give you absolute maximum black levels and contrast. Meanwhile, the picture quality is optimized with not too much brightness since an overly bright picture in a dark room will give you an eye strain and a headache before too long.
The other kind of projector is the home video projector. This is for folks who want the excitement of a very big screen picture in the living room or family room, but don’t want to bother with making the room totally dark. You want a home video projector for video gaming, a big screen TV for sports and other programming, Internet surfing, as well as for movies of course. Since most people want to watch in a room that is not darkened like a commercial theater, the home video projector is designed to put out a lot of light so the picture looks bright and vibrant even in ambient light. On the other hand, the home video projector does not go for maximum black levels and contrast since that doesn’t do you any good in a room with ambient light anyway.
Image Scanner – Data Scanner Drum Printer – Pen Plotter LCD – LED Monitors Large Venue Projectors – Home Cinema Projectors
What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computers in daily life
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations, and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs. Computers can also store data for later uses inappropriate storage devices, and retrieve it whenever it is necessary.
Modern computers are electronic devices used for a variety of purposes ranging from browsing the web, writing documents, editing videos, creating applications, playing video games, etc.
They are designed to execute applications and provide a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components.
Techopedia Explains Computer
The earliest digital electronic device that could be defined as the first modern computer is the Colossus. Built-in 1943-44, the Colossus was devised to crack the Lorenz SZ 40/42, a German encryption machine used to support military communications during World War II.
The device used 2,400 vacuum tubes to perform multiple boolean logical operations to decode encrypted data.
Modern computers come in all shapes and sizes to perform a broad range of different functions. Although the first ones that come to mind are desktop and laptop computers, many other less-assuming devices — such as grocery scanners, ATMs, and smart TVs — are computers as well.
The diffusion of smartphones, game consoles, wearables, and smart appliances made computers much more readily available in our daily life.
A computer is made up of multiple parts and components that facilitate user functionality.
A computer has two primary categories:
Hardware
Physical structure that houses a computer’s processor, memory, storage, communication ports, and peripheral devices. Each of these components (called devices) have a different purpose, which may be either accepting inputs, storing data, or sending outputs.
For example, a mouse and a microphone are input devices used to record user activities and transform them into data that is transmitted to the system unit. A hard disk is a storage unit where data is stored and accessed by other devices.
A monitor or a speaker are output devices that transform processed data into (respectively) video and audio signals.
Usually, the core components that represent the bare minimum that allow a computer to function are:
Processor (CPU)
The component that processes and executes inputs received from hardware and software.
Motherboard
A mainboard that provides a basic connection between all the other hardware components and devices (internal and external).
Memory (RAM)
A temporary data storage space that stores the information the CPU is actively using.
Storage device
A storage device where data is stored on a permanent basis. It’s slower but less volatile than the RAM.
Power supply unit
That’s pretty self-explanatory: without power, no electronic device can work!
Software
All parts of a computer that are not strictly physical, such as data, programs, applications, protocols, etc., are broadly defined as “software.” Although the software has no material form, it is no less critical to receive information, encode, store and process it.
Computer software includes all executable and non-executable data, such as documents, digital media, libraries, and online information. A computer’s operating system (OS) and all its applications are a software as well.
A computer works with software programs that are sent to its underlying hardware architecture for reading, interpretation, and execution.
Computers are classified according to computing power, capacity, size, mobility, and other factors, such as personal computers (PC), desktop computers, laptop computers, minicomputers, handheld computers and devices, mainframes, or supercomputers.
Advantages of Computers
The computer has become a necessity in our lives. It is the best way to communicate with people all around the world. We can easily access information from anywhere at any time. The computer also helps us to learn new things. Below listed are the major advantage of computers.
High Speed
One of the reasons for the improvement in the quality of life is personal computer’s speed. The modern computer offers great speed, helping us to do our tasks within a matter of seconds. Let’s say, you want to watch a video. You’ll just go to YouTube and find the required video within seconds.
Accuracy
Humans make errors. Hence, while complex calculations, we check once with the calculator. The fact that computers are extremely accurate makes them quite reliable. You’ll trust the information or answer that a calculator gives, just due to its accuracy.
Automation
A lot of tasks can be automated saving a lot of time. For example, instead of manually calculating some values like mean, a median of a large dataset, we just use excel. This saves a lot of time ensuring 100% accuracy.
Storage
The storage capacity of the computer is usually in GigaBytes (GBs) or more. We can store videos, images, games, etc. on our computer and access it easily after downloading it.
Ease of Access
Let’s say we have to search for a book in a library and we don’t know anything except the name of the book. It would be an arduous task. But, on a computer, just type the name of the file, and voila! This ease of access provided by our personal computer contributes towards saving our time and efforts.
Multitasking
Multitasking means working on multiple tasks simultaneously. Suppose you read an article online and you need to write down the meanings of the words that are unfamiliar. You, then search on Google, note down the meaning on a word file, and continue reading the article. This is one example of multitasking offered by computers.
A better understanding of data
A computer supports a lot of tools for data analysis and mining. Organizations make use of this benefit of computers to support data analysis and visualization helpful for decision making.
Reduced Cost for Online Ventures
Affordable Computers and Laptops with internet connectivity are a boon for start-ups that function online. It lowers the cost by reducing infrastructure, inventory, and rent expenses. Just they need a team with laptops and internet connectivity with a software license relevant to their industry.
